module 4 notes

Springtime of Peoples

A series of intellectual and political developments, including revolutions across Europe between 1830 and 1848.

Charles X

Bourbon monarch of France (1824-1830) who sought to restore the Old Regime and sparked the July Revolution.

July Revolution

A 1830 uprising in Paris that overthrew Charles X and established the July Monarchy under Louis-Philippe.

Belgium Revolution (1830)

Uprising inspired by the July Revolution that led to Belgium's secession from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Poland Uprising (1830)

An attempted revolution against Russian rule aimed at restoring Polish independence; ultimately crushed.

Economic Crisis (1848)

Severe economic challenges including crop failures and unemployment that fueled revolutionary movements in Europe.

Second Republic

Government established in France following the revolution of February 1848; introduced reforms like universal male suffrage.

Frankfurt Parliament

An assembly elected in 1848 aimed at drafting a constitution for a unified Germany; ultimately failed to achieve its goals.

Risorgimento

The movement for Italian unification in the 19th century, marked by revolts against foreign rule.

Victor Emanuel II

King of Sardinia-Piedmont who became the first king of a united Italy.

Camillo di Cavour

Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont; key architect of Italian unification through diplomacy and military maneuvers.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Charismatic military leader who contributed to Italian unification by conquering territories in the south.

Alliance with Napoleon III

Crucial alliance formed before the Austro-Sardinian War; helped weaken Austrian control in Northern Italy.

Making Italians

Phrase highlighting the challenge of creating a shared national identity among Italians after unification.

Otto von Bismarck

Minister-President of Prussia and key architect of German unification through conservative and militaristic strategies.

Realpolitik

Pragmatic political approach prioritizing strategic interests over ideological considerations, associated with Bismarck.

Blood and Iron

Bismarck's declaration that great questions would be settled by military force and industrial power.

Kulturkampf

Conflict initiated by Bismarck against the Catholic Church, aimed at reducing its influence in the newly unified Germany.