Studied by 2 people
Hindu texts
Based on ________, varna is the hierarchy of Brahmans (priests), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (traders), and Shudras (artisans and servants)
Social inequality
________ requires the consent of those who benefit from it.
Ethnicity
________ may be based on any number of cultural traits: language or dialect, clothing, foodways, etiquette, or bodily modifications such as tattoos or piercings.
biological inferiority
Americans equated lower socioeconomic status with ________ and lesser intelligence, thus naturalizing wealth and the capacity to acquire it.
Prejudice
________- preformed, usually unfavorable opinions that people hold about people from groups who are different from their own.
Socioeconomic status
________ is a quantifiable category, but its social implications are more complicated.
Peggy McIntosh
________ (1997) shows that having relatively light skin pigmentation in the United States as an unearned privilege because light- skinned people may do everyday things without additional attention or judgment directed at them.
American scientists
European and ________ have long tried to naturalize race, or categorize humans into racial groups and explain why nature organizes people into those groups.
Instrumentalism
________- a social theory that ethnic groups are not naturally occurring or stable but instead are highly dynamic groups created to serve the interests of one powerful group or another.
skin tone
Racial markets (________, facial features) are arbitrary and variable.
Intersectionality
________- the circumstantial interplay of race, class, gender, sexuality, and other identity markers in the expression of prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory actions.
Caste
________- the system of social stratification found in Indian society that divides people into categories according to moral purity and pollution.
Race
________ is assumed to have some biological reality tied to physical appearance.
Discrimination
________- the negative or unfair treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a particular social group or category.
Naturalization
________- the social processes through which something becomes part of the natural order of things.
Racialization
________- the social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings.
Irish Americans
________ are an excellent example of the fluidity of culturally constructed racial categories.
Social stratification
________ (the classification of people into unequal groupings) may be formalized as caste: the system found in Indian society that divides people into categories according to moral purity and pollution.
Jati
________ are actual social groupings, but varna are the larger caste groupings in practice.
heart medication BiDil
The ________ was developed for and tested on African Americans.
Jati hierarchies
________ are often based on occupation so in a single village may have more than a dozen jati.
Biological variation
________ is clinical, meaning that change is gradual across groups and traits shade and blend into one another.
Discrimination
________: the negative or unfair treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a particular social group or category.
Ethnicity
________: belonging to a group with a particular history and social status.
Race
________ and ethnicity are sometimes used interchangeably in the United States, but the terms have distincly different meanings.
Prejudice
________ is based on a number of markers, because people have multiple identities.
Social stratification
________- the classification of people into unequal groupings.
Discrimination
________ occurs in many forms, most notably explicit and disguised.
Race
________- a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences.
prejudice
But ________ and discrimiantion are developed in cultural contexts (although they are ubiquitous in socially stratified societies)
Racism
________: the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality.
4
00 PM EST
This is race
a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences
Chapter 9 focuses on the question
If differences of identity are not rooted in biology, why do they feel so real, powerful, and unchangeable
This is just one example of the idea of human races and naturalization
the social processes through which something, such as race, becomes part of the natural order of things
Yet, the project of naturalization has one basic flow
there is no single biological trait or genre unique to any group or race of people
Racism
the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality
Discrimination
the negative or unfair treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a particular social group or category
Races are constructed through racialization
the social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings
But history illustrates at least one example of regression
in the earliest days of European colonies in North America, Africans were not viewed as racially inferior-and certainly not considered "property."
See "Thinking Like an Anthropologist
Counting and Classifying Race in the American Census"
Race, and racism, are all too real, in addition to other bases for discrimination
ethnicity, class, and caste
Ethnicity
belonging to a group with a particular history and social status
Ethnicity may be based on any number of cultural traits
language or dialect, clothing, foodways, etiquette, or bodily modifications such as tattoos or piercings
The reality of ethnic groups is more accurately explained by instrumentalism
a social theory that ethnic groups are not naturally occurring or stable but highly dynamic groups created to serve the interests of one powerful group or another
Other forms of social stratification may be based on class
the hierarchical distinctions between social groups in society usually based on wealth, occupation, and social standing
Social stratification (the classification of people into unequal groupings) may be formalized as caste
the system found in Indian society that divides people into categories according to moral purity and pollution
Below these are the so-called untouchables, who do the dirty work of Indian society
metalwork, garbage collection, leather working, and so on
As frustrating as the social learning of prejudice can be, it offers one positive conclusion
learned behavioral patterns can be unlearned
Perhaps the most disguised, or unrecognized, aspect of discrimination is unearned privilege
an unnoticed and underappreciated lack of discrimination against certain groups
Caste
the system of social stratification found in Indian society that divides people into categories according to moral purity and pollution
Class
the hierarchical distinctions between social groups in society, usually based on wealth, occupation, and social standing
Discrimination
the negative or unfair treatment of an individual because of his or her membership in a particular social group or category
Ethnicity
a concept that organizes people into groups based on their membership in a group with a particular history, social status, or ancestry
Instrumentalism
a social theory that ethnic groups are not naturally occurring or stable but instead are highly dynamic groups created to serve the interests of one powerful group or another
Intersectionality
the circumstantial interplay of race, class, gender, sexuality, and other identity markers in the expression of prejudicial beliefs and discriminatory actions
Naturalization
the social processes through which something becomes part of the natural order of things
Prejudice
preformed, usually unfavorable opinions that people hold about people from groups who are different from their own
Race
a concept that organizes people into groups based on specific physical traits that are thought to reflect fundamental and innate differences
Racialization
the social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings
Racism
the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality
Social stratification
the classification of people into unequal groupings
Note 
Flashcard (50)