Unit 1: The Rise of Europe

What were the 4 earliest civilizations?

1. Egypt

2. Mesopotamia

3. India

4. China

What are the two things the earliest civilizations had in common?

1. All emerge around 3500 BC

2. All river valley

What are the eight contributions of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia?

1. written language

2. the wheel (mesopotamia)

3. post and lintel

4. the arch

5. Hammurabi’s code (mesopotamia)

6. Epic of Gilgamesh (mesopotamia)

7. Use of bronze

8. Use of iron

9. 
   

What are the three contributions from the Jews?

1. First monotheistic'

2. First written sculpture

3. First moral code (the ten commandments)

What were the two contributions of the Phoenicians?

1. first alphabet (22 letters and no vowels)

2. first seaworthy ships

Describe ancient Greece

1. First European civilization

2. Mountainous

3. City states (polis)

4. Adapted Phoenician alphabet

5. Homer

6. Persian Wars

7. Age of Pericles

8. Peloponnesian War

9. Alexander the Great

10. Hellenistic Age

11. 
    

Describe the Persian Wars (492-479 BC) and explain its significance

Persian tried thrice to conquer Greece and failed. 490 BC is the Battle of Marathon.

When was the Golden Age (Age of Pericles)?

479-429 BC

Describe the Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 BC) and explain its significance

Greek civil war between Athens and Sparta ruins Greece and it never recovers

Who was Alexander the Great and why was he significant?

He was the King of Macedon, his dad conquered Greece, and Alexander conquered Persia from 334-323 BC

What was the Hellenistic age?

Alexander’s empire got divided up and Greek culture spread

Power to govern

Having power to make, enforce, interpret laws

Civil rights

Can get abused

Civil power

Government protects our life

Authoritarian

One person who holds all power of government and is not always bad

Totalitarian

Controls people's civil rights

Primogeniture

Practice of passing power title money and probity from oldest son to oldest son

heir

Raised to become a ruler

Dynasty

A ruling family that results from primogeniture that lasts a long time and will only end if there is a war, a revolution, or they die out

Aristocracy

Upper social class that is based on birth that results from a dynasty

Monarchy

Government ruled by king or queen that has inherited power

Regent

A person who rules in the name of the king who is too young or crazy to rule

Democracy

Not really common in Europe or the Middle Ages

Republic

Elected leaders and started in Rome

When was the Republic created?

509 BC

What were the characteristics of the Roman Republic?

Latin language overthrew the king and monarchy, gave us the senate, lasted longer than Greek democracy, Romans absorb Greek culture thought architecture and adapt the Greek alphabet.

What were some of the Romans contributions?

Military, law, organization, roads, aqueducts, domes, the Pantheon in 100 AD

When were the Punic Wars and how many were there

264 to 146 BC and there were three wars

When was the First Punic War

264 to 241 BC

Describe the First Punic War

The Greeks and Carthage fought over Sicily because it had a good olive supply. The war ends with a negotiated treaty. After the war ends, Hannibal’s Dad who worked in politics dedicated his life studying how to defeat Rome and eventually put that same duty on his son Hannibal.

When was the Second Punic War

218 to 202 BC

Describe the Second Punic War

Hannibal's very diverse army invaded Rome by walking and crossing the Pyrenees and into the Alps and then came into Italy. They used elephants, and the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC was very significant.

When was the Battle of Cannae

216BC

Why was the Battle of Cannae significant

The Carthaginians successfully encircled the Romans and killed tens of thousands of them. This was the biggest one day military disaster in all of history and before this Rome was undefeated

Who was Quintus Fabius Maximus and why is he significant

He was known as the Delayer and advocated for the war of attrition He trapped Hannibal successfully and killed a million people.

Who was Publius Scipio and why is he significant

Roman general who defeated Carthage at the Battle of Zama, helping Rome win the Second Punic War.

When was the Third Punic War

149 to 146 BC

What happened in the Third Punic War

Carthage is razed and the land is sown with salt

Who was Gaius Julius Caesar and why is he significant

Roman general who conquered Gaul, crossed the Rubicon, and became dictator; his assassination on March 15 44 BC sparked civil wars.

Who was Octavian (Augustus) and why is he significant

Caesar’s heir and first emperor of Rome; restored peace and established authoritarian rule.

When was the Pax Romana?

27BC to AD180

Explain the rise of Christianity

Rooted in Judaism, Jesus of Nazareth, who was born during Augustus is believed to be a Messiah. He was born from a virgin mother, he would work miracles, and he would be killed and resurrected. Paul of Tarsus, an early convert who was very educated and rich, traveled from eastern Mediterranean and spread West. He spread Christianity to Jewish and non Jewish cultures. He wrote many letters and founded churches. Christianity slowly spread because it was heavily persecuted, and it was illegal until Constantine. Christianity believes that the main problem is sin, and that since Jesus died and resurrected he created a way to be forgiven for sins. The afterlife is in heaven, so Christians didn't fear death and they often helped others.

What were the four major causes of decline

1. Economic causes such as debt, debasing coinage, and inflation

2. Military causes such as shortage of military manpower and decline in quality of soldiers

3. Social decay and the family breakdown and decline in values

4. Barbaric invasions from Germanic tribes and the Huns

Who was Diocletian and why was he important

He divided the empire into East and West

Who was Constantine and why is he important

Reunited Rome and became the first Christian Roman emperor after the Battle of Milvian Bridge; made Christianity legal through the Edict of Milan and built Constantinople.

Who was Theodosius and why was he significant

He makes an edict declaring Christianity the state religion. Christianity organized a long Roman boundaries. He outlawed Pagan religions. The division of Rome is permanent after his death

Who was Valentinian the 3rd and why is he important

She accepted the doctrine of petrine supremacy and the donation of Constantine

Explain the doctrine of petrine supremacy

It's an interpretation of the Gospel of Matthew that Peter is in charge of the Church, and since Peter died in Rome, the power Jesus gave to Peter stays in Rome, which means Peter's successors are the rulers of Christianity which is the basis of the authority of the Pope

Explain the donation of Constantine

A Bishop said Constantine wrote a letter and said he wanted to give the right to rule Rome to the Bishop of Rome and it later becomes the basis for church ruling land

When did the last Roman Emperor resign

476

What happens in Western Europe after the fall of Rome

There are no countries or government, latin evolves into new languages, the Roman Catholic Church is the only institution to survive the fall of Rome, And Germanic culture combines with Roman culture

What happens in Eastern Europe after the fall of Rome

The Roman Empire lives to 1453 as the Byzantine Empire and its capital is Constantinople and its language is Greek

What happened in 1054

The schism between West and Eastern churches, which results in the Eastern Orthodox Church