Practical Research 2 Review

These flashcards cover key concepts from Practical Research 2, enhancing understanding and retention for exam preparation.

What is a cross-sectional study?

A cross-sectional study collects data on different subjects at the same point in time to study changes in different stages.

What is the purpose of evaluation research design?

It is used to assess the worth, success, effectiveness, or efficiency of policies or practices applied to a group of subjects.

What does experimental research allow a researcher to do?

It allows the researcher to make causal inferences between independent variables and a dependent variable.

What is a sampling frame?

The sampling frame functions as a list of all potential participants for a study.

Why is using a representative sample important in research?

A representative sample provides insights that are more generalizable to the larger population, unlike data from a specific subset.

What must be carefully calculated in quantitative research?

Sample size must be carefully calculated to ensure statistical accuracy.

What is the first critical step in systematic sampling?

To arrange the list of participants in a specific order.

What is snowball sampling?

A method effective for reaching individuals, especially when the population is difficult to identify traditionally.

What is one weakness of probability sampling?

It is often costly and time-consuming.

What is purposive sampling?

A type of non-probability sampling where the researcher purposely selects respondents based on their own judgment.

Explain simple random sampling.

In simple random sampling, each individual has an equal chance of being selected, typically conducted by randomly drawing names from a list.

What does the term 'instrument' refer to in research design?

An instrument is a tool developed to measure student engagement in research.

What must a valid instrument be?

A valid instrument must consistently measure what it is intended to measure, which means it must be reliable.

What should be avoided when conceptualizing research questions?

The use of sensitive and debatable questions.

Why is simple and clear language important in survey questions?

To ensure participants understand the questions, leading to more reliable responses.

What does a survey questionnaire use to collect data?

Checklists and rating scales to quantify behaviors, attitudes, and opinions.

What does the data collection stage involve?

Systematically collecting information that will later be analyzed and interpreted.

What is one advantage of face-to-face interviews?

It establishes rapport between the researcher and the respondent.

How is data collection conducted using web-based questionnaires?

By sending a link to respondents, allowing them to fill out survey questions online.

What is the purpose of the research methodology section?

To provide a systematic way of carrying out a research study.

What should the methodology clearly outline?

The steps and procedures taken in the research process.

What are the components typically included in a research methodology section?

Research design, treatment of data, and validation of the instrument.

Where are recommendations usually found in a research paper?

In the conclusion or discussion section, not in the methodology.

What does the Treatment of Data section outline?

How the collected data will be analyzed statistically.

What aids the transparency and reproducibility of research?

Clearly outlining the steps and procedures taken in the research process.

How can a paper-pencil questionnaire be adapted?

It can be converted to an electronic format for online distribution and data collection.

What combination of instruments is often used in case study research?

Questionnaires, interviews, focus group discussions, and observations.

Why are focus group discussions useful in evaluations?

They allow gathering qualitative insights and detailed feedback from participants.

What is bivariate analysis?

A statistical analysis used to investigate the relationship between two variables.

What type of statistical test is the Chi-Square test?

It analyzes the relationship between variables measured on a nominal or ordinal scale.

What is the T-test used for?

Comparing the means of two groups.

What does ANOVA stand for?

Analysis of Variance, used to compare means of more than two groups.

How should conclusions be drawn in research?

Based on the results and findings of the study without making unsupported generalizations.

What should recommendations be based on?

Research conclusions, findings, and questions.

What is the rationale behind using Slovin's formula?

To determine the appropriate sample size from a larger population while considering a margin of error.