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race class and wealth accumulation authors

oliver and shapiro: black wealth/white wealth
patillo: black picket fences

oliver and shapiro: black wealth/white wealth

Oliver and Shapiro discuss three key concepts that have historically contributed to African Americans’ inability to accumulate wealth: the racialization of the state, the “economic detour”, and the sedimentation of racial inequality.

racialization of the state

home ownership: homestead act 1862, Federal Housing Authority, same income lower value homes, white flight

social security: inaccessible benefits, Aid to Families with Dependent Children

US tax code: benefits those with capital assets, limited access to information

the “economic detour”

black business’s consumer-base limited to black community

some able to form ethnic enclaves but faced organized violence (hayti in durham nc vs tulsa ok)

sedimentation of racial inequality

successive generations of blacks stay poor while whites generate wealth (home ownership, tax benefits, etc)

patillo: black picket fences

Patillo discusses the history and evolution of the Black middle class. Due to their historic low average income and lack of occupational variety, the boundary between lower and middle class has been vague, and even now, the Black middle class is distinct from their White counterparts.

black middle class struggles

professional and business occupations vs white middle class clerical and salesworkers

continue to face racism and empathy for the lower class

children less likely to maintain or improve status than in white families

physical segregation; minority communities a proxy for quality of community

connections between race, class, and wealth accumulation readings

“white flight” from minority communities causes physical segregation

economic detour contributes to high level black occupations being in the same class as lower level whites

race, class, and wealth accumulation policies

• homestead act 1862

• fha

• social security 1935

  • afdc

education and employment authors

goyette: choosing homes choosing schools

simms and talbert: the parenting tax

ditomaso: the american non-dilemma

goyette choosing homes choosing schools

Goyette discusses the key components of racial residential segregation and its impacts on segregation in schools.

components of residential segregation

discriminatory practices (redlining, real estate racism)

personal preferences (in-group preference, out-group hostility/racial reasons, perceived status differences/race-associated reasons)

race as a proxy for quality of community

whites moved to suburbs to avoid integration; shaped policy to prevent low-income families from moving in

segregation in schools

black-white dissimilarity index higher for children than families

brown v board

milliken v bradley

residential segregation causes smaller school districts to be more racially homogeneous; parents compete for space in the districts they want, further consolidating wealth in a select few

majority black schools tend to have lower grad rates and test scores, and less access to info ab college; black students perform best in integrated schools

no child left behind normalized moving to alternative schools

brown v board of education

1954 - deemed segregation in schools unconstitutional but fed govt was unable to enforce until CRA 1964 and ESEA 1965

civil rights act

1964 - title vii outlawed segregation in public spaces, including schools

elementary and secondary education act

1965 - title I provided funding to low income schools

milliken v bradley

1974 - not unconstitutional to be segregated as long as it wasn’t intentional…..

no child left behind

2001 - established yearly standardized tests for public schools; if they did not meet adequate yearly progress goals, schools had to provide alternative/extra assistance to students + families given option to transfer; rise of charter/choice schools

affirmative action

set of policies (executive orders, case law, regulations) that aim to end existing discrimination and expand opportunities

simms and talbert: the parenting tax

Simms and Talbert further discuss segregation in schools and introduce the “parenting tax”, in which Black parents are forced to expend much more energy than White parents to find and send their children to good schools, as their own neighborhood schools are often inadequate.

components of “parenting tax”

finding good school

daily routine to get to school

lack of support system if live elsewhere

paying taxes that support a school that their children don’t even attend

ditomaso - the american nondilemma

DiTomaso discusses the often incorrect perception of affirmative action, specifically in employment.

criminal legal authors

michelle alexander: the new jim crow

khalil muhammad: the condemnation of blackness

alexander - the new jim crow

Alexander discusses the connection between mass incarceration and old Jim Crow, and how mass incarceration has created a permanent racial undercaste that greatly contributes to the conflation of blackness with criminality.

new jim crow and old jim crow

same political origin

legal discrimination

no participation in political sphere (disenfranchisement, exclusion from juries)

condemnation of blackness

segregation

marginalization, not subordination

permanent racial undercaste system phases

roundup

conviction

invisible punishment

muhammad - the condemnation of blackness

Muhammad expands on the condemnation of blackness and its modern origins.

criminal legal policies/court cases etc

1890 census

war on drugs

mccleskey v kemp