CARIOLOGY-Finals-2

Dental Caries

The slow disintegration of any biological hard tissue as a result of bacterial action.

WHO

defines dental caries as a localized posteruptive, pathological process of external origin involving softening of the hard tooth tissue and proceeding to the formation of a cavity.

GV Black

defined dental caries as the chemical dissolution of the calcium salts, first of the enamel then of the dentin by lactic acid.

Shafer

defined dental caries as an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth characterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth.

Kess and Ash

Dental caries is a disease involving hard portions of the teeth exposed in the oral cavity and is characterized by disintegration of enamel, dentin, and cementum forming open cavities.

Last

Dental caries is an illness due to specific infectious agents or toxic products that arise through the transmission of that agent or its products from an infected person, animal, or reservoir to a susceptible host.

Sturdevant

Dental caries is an infectious microbiologic disease of the teeth that results in localized dissolution and destruction of calcified tissues.

GJ Mount

Caries is perceived to be a prolonged imbalance in the oral cavity such that the factors favoring demineralization of enamel and dentin overwhelm the factors that favor remineralization and repair of those tissues.

Cawson

Dental caries can be defined as progressive, irreversible bacterial damage to teeth exposed to the oral environment.

Kidd and Smith

Caries is a disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth caused by the action of microorganisms on fermentable carbohydrates.

Lundeen

Dental caries is an infectious microbiological disease that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissues of the teeth and progresses as a series of exacerbations and remissions.

Ernest Newburn

Dental caries or tooth decay is a pathological process of localized destruction of tooth tissues by microorganisms.

Ostrom

Dental caries is a process of enamel or dentin dissolution that is caused by microbial action at the tooth surface and is mediated by the physiochemical flow of water dissolved ions.

Hume

Dental caries is essentially a progressive loss by acid dissolution of the apatite (mineral) component of the enamel then the dentin, or of the cementum, then dentin.

Fejerskov and Nyvad

Dental caries is a complex disease caused by an imbalance in physiologic equilibrium between tooth mineral and biofilm fluid.

Selwitz

Dental caries is a multifactorial disease that starts with microbiological shifts within the complex biofilm. It is affected by salivary flow and composition, exposure to fluoride, consumption of dietary sugars, and preventive behaviors, like cleaning the teeth. However, it is mainly a disease that dates back to antiquity and has also occurred in populations that have never used sugar or processed foods.

Sikri

Dental caries is an infectious disease caused by an imbalance of oral microorganisms leading to acid production and subsequently dissolving the hard tissues of the tooth.

Caries Lesion

Tooth demineralization as a result of the caries process. Other terms used are carious lesion or in layman’s term- cavity

Smooth-Surface Caries

A caries lesion on a smooth tooth surface.

OCCLUSAL CARIES

A caries lesion on an occlusal surface.

PROXIMAL CARIES

A caries lesion on a proximal surface.

ENAMEL CARIES

A caries lesion in enamel, typically indicating that the lesion has not penetrated into dentin.

Dentin Caries

A caries lesion that has penetrated into dentin.

Coronal Caries

A caries lesion on any surface of the tooth crown.

Root Caries

A caries lesion on the root surface of the tooth.

Primary Caries

A caries lesion not adjacent to an existing restoration or crown.

Secondary or Recurrent Caries

A caries lesion adjacent to an existing restoration, crown, or sealant, often with microleakage in the tooth.

Residual Caries

Carious tissue that was not completely excavated prior to placing a restoration, sometimes difficult to differentiate from secondary caries.

Cavitated Caries Lesion

A caries lesion that results in the breaking of the integrity of the tooth, forming a cavity.

Non-Cavitated Caries Lesion

A caries lesion that has not formed a cavity. In enamel caries, non-cavitated lesions are also known as "white spot" lesions.

Active Caries Lesion

A caries lesion that is considered biologically active, with ongoing tooth demineralization at the time of examination.

Inactive Caries Lesion

A caries lesion that is considered biologically inactive at the time of examination, with tooth demineralization having stopped and currently stalled. Also known as arrested caries.

Rampant Caries

The presence of extensive and multiple cavitated and active caries lesions in the same person, often associated with specific etiologies such as "baby bottle caries," "radiation therapy caries," or "meth-mouth caries."

Dental Caries

An infectious microbiologic disease of the teeth that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissues.

Etiology

The study of where a disease came from.

Pathology

The study of diseases.

Epidemiology

The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in a specified population and the application of this study to control health problems.

Fluorosis or Dental Fluorosis

The appearance of faint white lines or streaks on the teeth, occurring when younger children consume excessive fluoride.

Dental Health Education

The process of providing information and promoting behaviors that contribute to oral health and prevent dental caries.

Tetralogy

The four factors involved in the development of dental caries

1. Microorganisms

2. Time

3. Tooth

4. Food

The First 3 Tetra of previous Era

1. Host

2. Bacteria

3. Diet

Streptococcus Mutans

Microorganisms of the enamel (Coronal) Caries

Lactobacillus Acidophilus

Microorganisms of the dentinal Caries

Actinomyces Actinomycetemcomitans

A type of bacteria that contributes to the formation of root caries.

Saliva

The fluid in the mouth that acts as a vehicle for the transfer of microorganisms.

Kissing

A method of transferring microorganisms from one person to another.

Mechanism of Disease Formation

Factors such as:

1. the virulence of microorganisms

2. time of exposure

3. environment/food, and

4. host

   that contribute to the development of diseases.

Dental Plaque

A gelatinous mass of bacteria that adheres to the tooth surface.

Dental Plaque

A transparent film (without color) and looks like a thick saliva, but it’s inhabited by the bacteria.

Pellicle

A film that forms on the teeth within 30 minutes after toothbrushing, without bacteria.

Bacteria or Microorganism

the main/primary composition of plaque

Carbohydrates

Sugars that serve as the food source for microorganisms in dental plaque.

Order that leads to demineralization

Food → sugar → plaque → acid → demineralization

Acid

byproduct of the activities of the microorganisms is

Demineralization

The process in which acid produced by microorganisms removes minerals and inorganic substances from the tooth, leading to decay.

Normal Flora

The naturally occurring microorganisms in the mouth that become disease-causing when they reproduce and increase in numbers.

Parasitic Relationship

cause by microorganisms being brough into contact with the tooth surface via a bacterial plaque

Tooth

The host surface that is susceptible to dental caries.

Susceptible

How prone a tooth is to developing a disease.

Newly Erupted Teeth

Teeth that have recently emerged and have immature enamel, making them more susceptible to caries.

Fluoridization

recommended with kids to strengthen the enamel and increase the mineral content (mineralization)

Tight Contact Areas

Areas where plaque can accumulate due to the close proximity of teeth.

Morphology

The shape and structure of the tooth surface, which affects its ability to self-cleanse.

Morphology

Self cleansability of tooth surface

Location

The position of the tooth in the mouth, with posterior teeth being less reachable for cleaning.

Composition

The fluoride and calcium content of the tooth, which inversely affects its susceptibility to caries.

Higher Fluoride and Calcium leads to

Lower Caries Susceptibility

Lower Fluoride and Caries leads to

Higher Caries Susceptibility

Time

The frequency and duration of food exposure in the mouth, which contributes to the development of cavities.

Critical pH

The pH level at which demineralization of the tooth occurs (5.5-5.7).

Lower 5.5 -5.7

Demineralization

Higher than 5.5 -5.7

Remineralization

Oral pH Fluctuations

Changes in the acidity of the mouth due to repeated consumption of food, which increases the susceptibility to caries.

Oral Ph Fluctuates

Repeated consumption food → Increase acid → Increase susceptibility to caries

Saliva

The fluid in the mouth helps flush the oral cavity, but becomes stagnant during sleep..

Bad breath (halitosis)

odor from the mouth caused by factors such as bleeding gums

Buffering effect

Ability of saliva to maintain a stable pH level in the mouth.

Saliva Viscosity is Directly proportional to

Caries Susceptibility

Flowable Saliva is

Low Viscosity

Thick Saliva

High Viscocity

Caries susceptibility

Likelihood of developing tooth decay.

Xerostomia

Dry mouth condition often caused by radiation therapy.

Fluoride

Induce Remineralization

Remineralization

Process of restoring minerals to partially demineralized enamel.

Demineralization

Loss of minerals from the tooth surface due to acid production by bacteria.

4 Primary Factors of Dental Caries

1. Host (Tooth Surface)

2. Substrate (Carbohydrate)

3. Presence of Oral Bacteria

4. Time

Modified Keyes-Jordan Diagram

Diagram of the Modified risk and protective factors that influence dental caries

3 circles of Keyes Jordan Diagram

1. Factors that directly contribute to caries development

2. Oral Environmental factors

3. Personal Factors

Dysbiosis

Imbalance or disruption of the normal microbiome in the mouth.

Restorative treatment

Dental procedures to repair or fill cavities caused by caries lesions.

Caries balance

Is a process of Demineralization in which the pathological factors dominate the protective factors

Demineralization

The low pH drives calcium and phosphate from the tooth to the biofilm in an attempt to reach equilibrium results to

When the pH in the biofilm returns to neutral and the concentration of soluble calcium and phosphate is supersaturated relative to that in the tooth results to

Demineralization

Pathologic Factors

Remineralization

Protective Factors

5.5

Critical Low Ph level of Enamel

6.2

Critical Low Ph level of Dentin

Acidogenic

Bacteria that produce acid as a by-product of metabolizing carbohydrates.

Aciduric

Bacteria that can survive and thrive in an acidic environment.

Symbiosis

Cooperative relationship between different organisms.