A&P I: Unit 4 Review

What are the general functions of muscle tissue?

Movement, posture, breathing (respiration), temperature control, heart/organ function

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

Skeletal, smooth, cardiac

What is skeletal muscle tissue in charge of?

Body movement, posture, and respiratory movements

What is smooth muscle tissue in charge of?

Walls of Hollow organs, blood vessels, Eye, skin, glands

What is cardiac muscle tissue in charge of?

Heart

What type of muscle tissue do we control?

Skeletal

What types of muscle tissues are involuntary?

Smooth and cardiac

Which types of muscle tissues have striations?

Skeletal and cardiac

Which type of muscle tissue has no striations?

Smooth

What is the main structure of muscle tissue?

Bundles of Muscle fibers which are made of myofilaments (actin and myosin)

Which myofilament is thick?

Myosin

Which myofilament is thin?

Actin

What is the sarcomere?

The functional unit of the muscle (it contracts/does the work)

What is the first step in muscle contraction?

Acetylcholine is released into the synaptic cleft

What causes the muscle cell to depolarized during muscle contraction?

Sodium

When is calcium released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum within the muscle during contraction?

Once it hits threshold

When does ATP drive the sodium potassium pump to reset the muscle for another contraction?

Once the calcium is released and the tropomyosin covers the actin binding sites again

What breaks down acetylcholine?

Acetylcholinesterase

Why is acetylcholinesterase important?

It must break down acetylcholine so another muscle contraction cycle will start

What is the neuromuscular junction?

The location where the neuron interacts with the muscle fibers

What is the importance of threshold?

this is the point where the cell depolarizes in order for the muscle cell to activate

What is the all-or-none principle?

The cell must reach threshold to activate; if not, it resets, no matter how close

Where are skeletal muscle fibers located?

Arms, legs, trunk, face; attached to bones

Where are smooth muscle fibers located?

Walls of hollow organs and blood vessels

Where are cardiac muscle fibers located?

In the heart

What are the three types of ATP production?

Creatine phosphate, anaerobic respiration, aerobic respiration

Which type of ATP production produces one molecule?

Creatine phosphate

Which ATP production creates two ATP molecules and needs no oxygen?

Anaerobic respiration

Which type of ATP production creates about 36 molecules?

Aerobic respiration

What is oxygen debt?

The buildup of lactic acid

What happens during oxygen debt?

Anaerobic respiration uses glucose to make ATP and lactic acid

What is a concentric contraction?

Muscle doing work and shortening

What is an eccentric contraction?

Muscle doing work and lengthening

What is an isometric contraction?

Muscle doing work, but not changing length

What is hypertrophy?

Increase in bulk or size not due to an increase of individual elements

What is atrophy?

Decrease in muscle size; disease or natural/needed

What is the muscle origin?

Spot of attachment to bone that usually does not move when the muscle contracts

What is the muscle insertion?

Spot of attachment to bone that moves when the muscle contract

What is the agonist?

Muscle that contracts during movement

What is the antagonist?

Muscle that relaxes during movement

What is a synergist?

Helper muscle contracting with antagonist during movement; group of muscles

What is the prime mover?

Muscle that does the most work in a synergist

What does flexors refer to?

Bend

What does extensors refer to?

Straighten

What does longus refer to?

Long muscle

What does brevis refer to?

Short muscle

What does carpi refer to?

Wrist

What does digitorum/digits refer to?

Fingers or toes

What does Hallux refer to?

Big toe

What does pollex refer to?

Thumb

What does indices refer to?

Index finger

What does minimi refer to?

Small finger

What is elasticity?

Returning muscles to reposition and should require no work

What is extensibility?

Ability to stretch out; Always allowing movement

What is the synaptic cleft?

The space between cell membrane and a nerve cell

What must a cell hit for it to activate?

Threshold

What does calcium bind to inside the skeletal muscle cell?

Troponin

Which muscle fiber type would be found mostly in the leg?

Fast twitch, oxidative

Which category would a muscle contracting fall into?

Agonist

The trapezius muscle can contract to create head and neck _____.

Extension and/or hyper extension and laterally flex

Which muscle will lower the mandible?

Lateral pterygoid

What is the primary muscle for breathing?

Diaphragm

What are the four muscles of the rotator cuff?

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor

A muscle with the name pollicis will move what structure?

Thumb

Which three muscles make up the hamstring Group?

biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus

Which two primary muscles are responsible for plantar flexion?

Gastrocnemius and soleus