Lesson 2: Developing the Whole Person

Flashcards covering Unit 1 Lesson 2 on Developing the Whole Person, dualism, holism, gestalt, aspects of development, basic drives, affect, emotions, feelings, attitudes, behaviors, values, and virtues.

What percentage of students is expected to achieve the lesson objectives at the end of Lesson 2?

$$85\%$$

Which modern philosopher influenced thinking on the nature of things with his theory of duality?

René Descartes

According to René Descartes, what is the mind (res cogitans)?

A thinking, non-extended substance that has no physical dimensions and whose essence is thought.

According to René Descartes, what is the body (res extensa)?

An extended, non-thinking substance that takes up space, has size, shape, and can be measured mathematically.

Why did René Descartes claim that the mind and body are "really distinct" substances?

Because they have completely different natures, meaning God could make one exist without the other.

How is duality viewed in Western philosophy?

As an "Either/Or" mode where opposites are seen as completely separate, rigid, and absolute.

How is duality viewed in Eastern philosophy?

As a "Both/And" mode where opposites are seen as interconnected, fluid, and capable of transforming into each other.

What symbol illustrates the Eastern view of duality where black contains a dot of white and white contains a dot of black?

The yin-yang symbol

Who introduced the concept of Holism in 1926?

General Jan C. Smuts, a South African statesman, military leader, and philosopher.

What does Holism mean?

Looking at a person as a whole, combining physical, mental, emotional, and social aspects, rather than just separate parts.

Who initially developed Gestalt in 1890, and which psychologists later developed it?

It was developed by Christian von Ehrenfels (1890) and later by psychologists Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler.

How do Holism and Gestalt differ in their application?

Holism applies to people, while Gestalt applies to perception.

What is Holistic Development?

The process of self-actualization and learning that combines an individual's mental, physical, social, emotional, and spiritual growth.

What does the physiological aspect of holistic development refer to?

Physical attributes, including the condition of the body and the five physical senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste, smell).

Which functions belong to the cognitive aspect of development?

Intellectual functions of the mind: thinking, recognizing, reasoning, analyzing, projecting, synthesizing, recalling, and assessing.

What is involved in the psychological aspect of holistic development?

Emotions, behaviors, and how thoughts and feelings interact.

What is the social aspect of holistic development?

How an individual connects and communicates with others, such as family, friends, and classmates.

What constitutes the spiritual aspect of holistic development?

An individual's values, beliefs, and sense of meaning or purpose in life.

What are basic drives?

Natural needs or me-urges (such as hunger, thirst, and sleepiness) that push individuals to act to survive and stay healthy.

What is affect?

An individual's feelings or emotions, representing how they react emotionally to things happening around them.

Which six basic emotions were identified by Paul Ekman of the University of California?

Happiness, sadness, fear, anger, surprise, and disgust.

Which four basic emotions were identified in a 2014 study by the Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology at the University of Glasgow?

Happy, sad, afraid or surprised, and angry or disgusted.

What Latin verb does the word "emotion" originate from, and what does it mean?

It comes from the Latin verb "movere," which means to move or be upset or agitated.

How do Sanchez, Abad, and Jao (2002) define emotion?

As a descriptive term referring to variations in level of arousal, affective state or mood, expressive movements, and attitudes.

What is the key functional difference between emotions and feelings?

Emotions come first as a fast body reaction, while feelings come after as a personal mental interpretation of the emotion.

What is the difference between attitudes and behavior?

Attitudes are thoughts and feelings (the inner mindset), while behavior is what a person actually does (visible actions).

What is the difference between values and virtues?

Values are things believed to be important in life, whereas virtues are good qualities in character that help a person do the right thing.

What is the total point score and due date for Activity 1 (The Symbolism of Myself)?

The total score is $30$ points, and it is due on Tuesday, June 30, 2026.

When is Quiz 2 scheduled, and what is its format?

It is scheduled for Monday, June 29, 2026, and consists of $20$ items split into Part I: Identification ($10$ items) and Part II: Modified True or False ($10$ items).