Comprehensive Lecture Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards derived from lecture notes covering communication, journalism, history, biology, mathematics, finance, and earth science.

Formal Communication

Also referred to as “official communication,” it covers the gamut of verbal expressions that address a formal need.

Informal Communication

Also referred to as “the (unofficial) grapevine,” this is often word-of-mouth information that conveys unofficial yet provocative information.

Kinesics

The study of communication through body movements, such as gestures and facial expressions, commonly known as 'body language.'

Proxemics

The study of space and how we use it, including how distance between individuals affects comfort and reflects relationships.

Haptic communication

A branch of nonverbal communication that refers to the ways in which people and animals communicate and interact via the sense of touch.

Vocalics

The study of paralanguage, which includes vocal qualities such as pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers.

Chronemics

The study of the use of time in nonverbal communication, including punctuality and willingness to wait.

Agyu

The epic hero of Bukidnon.

Social journalism

A media model consisting of a hybrid of professional journalism, contributor content, and reader content, relying on community involvement and social newsgathering.

Citizen journalism

Also known as collaborative or participatory journalism, it is based upon public citizens playing an active role in collecting and reporting news.

Yellow journalism

American term for journalism that presents little legitimate news, instead using eye-catching headlines, exaggerations, or sensationalism for increased sales.

Adversarial journalism

Also called gotcha journalism, it is a form of journalism that seeks to uncover wrongdoings of public officials through aggressive or tricky interview methods.

Manipulatives Media

Physical objects or computer programs used as tools to aid in hands-on learning, such as an Abacus, Lego, or Rubik's Cube.

Interactive media

Computer-delivered electronic systems that allow users to control and manipulate different media types like text, sound, video, and animation.

Pre-Industrial Age

The era before the 1700s where people discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged tools with stone, bronze, copper, and iron.

Electronic Age

The period between the 1930s-1980s marked by the invention of the transistor, leading to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and early computers.

Information Age

The period from the 1900s-2000s where the Internet, personal computers, and mobile devices led to digitalized voice, image, sound, and data.

Plot

The series of events in a story, typically represented as an arc consisting of introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.

Theme

The central argument, belief, moral, or lesson the author wants the reader to understand; the “why” of the story.

Confucianism

An ancient Chinese belief system focused on the importance of personal ethics and morality.

Buddhism

A major world religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama (“the Buddha”) more than 2,500 years ago in India.

Indios

The lowest-ranked group in the Spanish racial hierarchy, used to define native indigenous peoples in Spanish-controlled America and Asia.

Natural Selection

A series of processes stated by Darwin in 'The Origin of Species' where evolution occurs through variation, struggle to exist, and survival of the fittest.

Dryopithecus

Deemed to be the ancestors of both man and apes, these 'oak wood apes' lived in densely forested tropical lowlands.

Australopithecus

A genus discovered in 1924 in South Africa that walked erect, lived on the ground, and used stones as weapons.

Homo Erectus

Considered the missing link between man and apes, this species used tools made of quartz, bone, and wood, and showed evidence of using fire.

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

A sub-species of Homo Sapiens with a cranial capacity of $1200\,cc$ to $1600\,cc$ that could hunt large animals like mammoths.

Media literacy

The ability to identify different types of media and the specific messages they are sending.

Information literacy

The ability to find, evaluate, organize, and communicate information in formats required for decision making and problem solving.

Technology literacy

The ability to responsibly and effectively use technology tools to access, manage, and create information.

Encoding

The process where a sender uses words or non-verbal methods (symbols, gestures) to translate information into a message.

Modus Ponens

A deductive rule of inference also known as 'affirming the antecedent' (e.g., If $P$ implies $Q$, and $P$ is true, then $Q$ is true).

Modus Tollens

A valid argument form where if $P$ implies $Q$ and $Q$ is false, then $P$ must be false; also known as proof by contrapositive.

Law of the Excluded Middle

The logical principle stating that every statement is either True or False.

Bond

A contract between two companies or governments to borrow money, featuring a maturity date when the issuer pays back investors with interest.

Amortization

The process of spreading out a loan into a series of fixed payments where some goes toward interest and some toward the loan balance.

Annuity

A long-term contract with an insurance company for tax-deferred fund accumulation and guaranteed later payout as income.

Null Hypothesis ($H_0$)

A statement about a population believed to be true unless it can be shown incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt.

Alternative Hypothesis ($H_a$)

A claim about a population that is contradictory to the null hypothesis and is concluded when the null hypothesis is rejected.

Asymptote

A line that the graph of a function approaches as either $x$ or $y$ goes to positive or negative infinity.

Standard deviation

A number used to describe how measurements for a group are spread out from the average (mean or expected value).

Bathyalpelagic zone

The lower open ocean layer (3,300-13,000 feet deep) where organisms like vampire squid produce their own light.

Comet nuclei

Loose collections of ice, dust, and rock particles ranging from a few to tens of kilometers across, containing frozen gases like $CO$ and $CH_4$.

Meteorite

A meteoroid that survives its trip through the atmosphere and hits the ground.

Integumentary system

The largest organ of the body (15-20% of mass), acting as a barrier and regulating temperature through the skin, hair, and nails.

Lymphatic System

Transports clean fluids back to the blood, drains excess fluids, and houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) to protect against infection.

Endocrine System

Glands that secrete hormones to regulate processes like growth, reproduction, and metabolism (e.g., Thyroid, Pituitary, Pancreas).

Igneous rocks

Rocks formed from the solidification of molten material; categorized into Intrusive (cooling below surface) and Extrusive (cooling on surface).

Metamorphic rocks

Rocks modified by heat, pressure, and chemical processes, classified as Foliated (layered) or Non-foliated.

Equinox

From Latin 'equal night,' it is the time when Earth's two hemispheres receive the sun's rays equally.

Solstice

The moment when the Sun's path is farthest north or south from the Equator, resulting in the year's shortest or longest day.

Meiosis

A type of cell division that halves the number of chromosomes and forms haploid gametes.

Parthenogenesis

A form of asexual reproduction where embryos grow and develop without fertilization.

Zygote

A fertilized egg; the first cell of a new organism.

Tropical Storm

A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained surface winds ranging from $39\text{--}73\,mph$ ($34\text{--}63\,knots$).

Hurricane

A tropical cyclone with maximum sustained surface winds of $74\,mph$ or greater ($64\,knots$ or greater).

Storm Surge

An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a tropical cyclone, calculated as the difference between observed sea level and the predicted astronomical tide.

Genetic engineering

The process of using recombinant DNA ($rDNA$) technology to alter the genetic makeup of an organism.

Fermentation

A metabolic process where microorganism activity creates desirable changes in food, such as increasing flavor or preserving foodstuffs.

Ionic bonding

A chemical bond involving the complete transfer of valence electrons between a metal and a nonmetal, generating oppositely charged ions.

Covalent bond

A chemical bond involving the sharing of electron pairs between two nonmetals.

Vector Quantities

Physical quantities characterized by both magnitude and direction, such as displacement, force, and velocity.