General Education – Social Science & Philippine History Lecture

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering Philippine taxation, government forms, constitutional principles, economic concepts, historical acts, UNESCO sites, mental health terms, Filipino cultural traits, major events, and key historical figures as discussed in the lecture notes.

Community Tax (Cedula)

A basic tax paid by every adult citizen in the Philippines.

Tariff

A tax imposed on imported goods.

Ad Valorem Tax

A duty levied on luxury imports based on value, not quantity.

Sin Tax

Excise tax on products harmful to health, e.g., alcohol and cigarettes.

Corporate Tax

Income tax imposed on businesses or corporations.

Real Estate Tax

Local tax levied on real properties such as land and buildings.

Inheritance Tax

Tax paid by heirs on property inherited from a deceased owner.

Capital Gains Tax

Tax on profit from the sale or transfer of capital assets.

Progressive Income Tax

Tax system where higher income earners pay a larger tax rate.

Proportional (Flat) Tax

Tax system with a constant rate regardless of income level.

Regressive Tax

Tax system where the tax rate decreases as income increases.

Anarchy

A condition with no functioning government or authority.

Necrocracy

Government in which the authority of deceased leaders is maintained (e.g., North Korea).

Oligarchy

Rule by a small, privileged group.

Aristocracy

Government led by the nobility or elite families.

Democracy

System where power emanates from the people through free elections.

Monarchy

Government headed by a king or queen.

Constitutional Monarchy

Monarch shares power with an elected parliament (e.g., United Kingdom).

Absolute Monarchy

Monarch holds unlimited, often dictatorial power.

Meritocracy

Leadership granted to individuals based on talent and ability.

Communism

System advocating communal ownership and abolition of private property.

Primitive Communism

Early Marxist stage where resources are shared and classes do not exist.

Modern Capitalism

Economic system based on private ownership and free enterprise.

Federalism

Division of powers between a central government and regional units.

Republic

Government run by elected representatives rather than a monarch.

Parliamentary Government

Executive is chosen from the legislature; head of government is prime minister.

Checks and Balances

Doctrine giving each branch of government powers to limit the others.

Aggressive War

Offensive war; prohibited by the Philippine Constitution.

Defensive War

War waged in self-defense; constitutionally allowed.

Impeachment

Constitutional process to charge and try high officials for serious offenses.

Executive Branch

Branch that enforces laws; headed by the President.

Legislative Branch

Law-making body; in the Philippines, composed of Senate and House.

Judicial Branch

Branch that interprets laws and administers justice.

Line-Item Veto

President’s power to reject specific provisions of an appropriations bill.

Absolute Veto

President’s rejection of an entire bill passed by Congress.

Eminent Domain

State power to take private property for public use with just compensation.

Pardon

Executive act forgiving a person for a crime and cancelling penalties.

Amnesty

Broader executive pardon extended to groups, usually for political offenses.

Supreme Court

Highest judicial body in the Philippines, composed of 1 Chief Justice and 14 Associate Justices.

Commission on Appointments

Body that confirms certain presidential appointments.

War Power of Congress

Authority to declare the existence of a state of war.

Senate (Philippines)

24-member upper chamber; tries impeachment cases.

House of Representatives

Lower chamber; initiates impeachment charges.

Natural-Born Citizen

Individual who is a citizen from birth without performing any act to acquire it.

Jus Sanguinis

Citizenship principle based on parentage (right of blood).

Jus Solis

Citizenship principle based on place of birth (right of soil).

Suffrage

The right to vote in public elections.

Plebiscite

Vote by the electorate to approve or reject a constitutional change.

Referendum

Vote allowing citizens to approve or reject a law passed by legislature.

Initiative

Process where citizens propose and enact laws directly.

Recall

Procedure to remove an elected official before term expiration.

Bill of Rights

Constitutional list of fundamental rights protected from government infringement.

Natural Rights

Inherent human rights such as life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness.

Statutory Rights

Rights provided and protected by ordinary legislation.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

Court order to present a detained person and justify detention.

Writ of Amparo

Protects right to life, liberty, and security against state abuse.

Writ of Habeas Data

Legal remedy to access or correct personal data collected about a person.

Writ of Kalikasan

Protects citizens’ right to a healthy environment.

Writ of Mandamus

Court order compelling a government official to perform a duty.

Police Power

Inherent power of the state to enact laws for public welfare.

Power of Taxation

State authority to impose and collect taxes for revenue.

Eminent Domain (Power of Expropriation)

Inherent state power to take property for public use with compensation.

GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

Total value of goods and services produced within a country.

GNP (Gross National Product)

Value of goods and services produced by nationals, including abroad.

GNI (Gross National Income)

Total income earned by a nation’s residents and businesses.

Law of Demand

As price falls, demand rises, ceteris paribus; inverse relationship.

Law of Supply

As price rises, supply rises; direct relationship.

Elastic Demand

Quantity demanded changes significantly with price; non-essentials.

Inelastic Demand

Quantity demanded changes little with price; essentials.

Normal Good

Demand increases when consumer income increases.

Inferior Good

Demand decreases when consumer income increases.

Inflation

General rise in prices and fall in purchasing power.

Deflation

General decline in prices of goods and services.

Hyperinflation

Extremely rapid, uncontrolled price increases.

Stagflation

Simultaneous high inflation and high unemployment with stagnant demand.

Surplus

Situation where supply exceeds demand.

Shortage

Situation where demand exceeds supply.

Appreciation (Asset)

Increase in the value of an asset over time.

Depreciation (Asset)

Decrease in value of an asset due to use or obsolescence.

CELL (Factors of Production)

Capital, Entrepreneur, Land, Labor—the basic productive resources.

Ceteris Paribus

Latin for “all other things being equal,” used in economic analysis.

Tubbataha Reef Marine Park

UNESCO World Heritage coral reef site in Palawan, Philippines.

Puerto-Princesa Subterranean River

Underground river and UNESCO natural World Heritage Site.

Mount Hamiguitan Range

Wildlife sanctuary in Davao Oriental, UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Baroque Churches of the Philippines

Group of four Spanish-era churches listed as UNESCO heritage.

Ifugao Rice Terraces

Ancient terraced fields in Cordillera, UNESCO cultural landscape.

Historic City of Vigan

UNESCO-listed well-preserved Spanish colonial town in Ilocos Sur.

17 UN SDGs

Global goals for sustainable development to be achieved by 2030.

Gender Equality (SDG 5)

United Nations goal aiming for equal rights and opportunities for all genders.

Sin Tax Law

Philippine law raising taxes on alcohol and tobacco to curb consumption.

RA 9994

Expanded Senior Citizens Act of 2010 granting additional benefits to elders.

Parens Patriae

Doctrine that the state acts as guardian of those unable to care for themselves.

Fiscal Autonomy

Constitutional guarantee allowing certain government bodies to manage their own funds.

Gemeinschaft

Traditional, rural, close-knit communities characterized by strong personal ties.

Gesellschaft

Modern, urban societies characterized by impersonal relationships.

Historical Revisionism

Critical re-examination of historical facts with new evidence or perspectives.

Historical Denialism

Distortion or denial of established historical facts.

Primary Source

Direct, contemporary evidence of an event (e.g., letters, artifacts).

Secondary Source

Work that interprets or analyzes primary sources (e.g., textbooks).

External Criticism

Evaluation of authenticity of a historical document’s form.