A&P Bio-111 LAB practicle #1

By Angela22303 Angela B. Brookdale Commuity College Originally on Quizlet

Anatomical Position

erect, head level, eyes forward, feet flat on the floor, arms at sides, palms facing forward

Superior

above

Inferior

below

Anterior (ventral)

front

Posterior (dorsal)

back

Medial

near the midline

Lateral

away from the midline

Proximal

closer to the point of attachment

Distal

Father from the point of attachment

Superfical

towards the surface

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Ipsilateral

on the same side

Contralateral

on the opposite side

Sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

Mid-Sagittal plane

divides the body directly down the middle

Parasagittal plane

divides body into unequal parts

Frontal plane (Coronal plane)

divides the body into anterior and posterior

Transvers palne

horizontal; divdes the body into superior and inferior portions

Oblique plane

passes through the body at an angle

Craninal Cavity

encases the brain

vertebral (spinal) cavity

runs within the bony vertebral column, encloses the spinal cord

Thoracic cavity

formed between the ribs, muscles of the chest, the breastbone and chest portion of the spine; houses the heart and lungs

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

the diaphragm

Pericardial Cavity

surrounds the heart

Pleural Cavity

surrounds each lung

Mediastinum

thoracic - lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity

exdtends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal wall of the pelvis

What does the abdominal cavity hold

most of the large intestine, small intestine, stomach, liver, spleen, and the gallbladder

What does the pelvic cavity hold

part of the large intestine, urinary bladder, reproductive organs

Retroperitoneal

organs that are external to the lining of the abdominopelvic cavity

What organs are considered to be Retroperitoneal

kidneys and pancreas

Microscope

magnifies objects

Base

supports instrument

Arm

connects the base to the body

Oculars (eyepieces)

series of lenses to look through to view the specimen

Revoling Nosepiece

rotates to change objective lenses

Objective Lenses

scan the specimen

Scanning Power Objective

4X lens (red)

Low Power Objective

10X lens (yelllow)

High (dry) power objective

magnifies 40x (blue)

Stage

holds and supports the slide/ specimen

Diaphragm

Regulates the amount of light on the specimen

Light Source (illuminator)

contains light

Slide Position Adjustment Knob

adjusts the position of the slide on the stage

Coarse Adjustment Knob

used for inital focusing

Fine Adjustment Knob

used for final focusing

Cell Theory

The cell is the basic unit of life

All organismis consits of cells

All cells come from pre-existing cells

What 3 componets make up a cell

Plasma membrane, Nucleus, Cystoplasm

Cell Membrane

outter barrier of the cell; controls what enters & exits the cell

Nucleus

house DNA; controls cell structure & functions

Nucleolus

produces ribosomes

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Cytosol

Fluid portion of cytoplasm that surrounds organelles; keeps out bad

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

nettwork of flattened sacs that make glycoproteins & phosphlipds

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

network of tubules that make (synthesize) lipds (fatty acids) & steroids

Golgi Apparatus

modifes, sorts, packages, & transports proteins from rough endoplasmic reticulum

Mitochondria

"Powerhouse" of the cell; generates energy or ATP

Lysosome

contain digestive enzymes that breakedown molecules

Centrioles

organizing center for growth of mitotic spindles needed for cell division

Cytoskeleton (not seen on model)

network of protein filaments that extend through the cytosol

Histology

study of tissues

What are the 4 types of tissues?

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Epithelial Tissue

covers the surface of the body, lines hollow organs, and acts as glandular tissues

Connective Tissue

act to support and protect other tissues

Muscle Tissue

produces movemnt

Nervous Tissue

communicates with and controls other parts of the body

Characteristics of Epithelial tissues

make excellent barriers

have polarity- basal surface (attached to deeper tissues) & an apical surface (exposed to environment)

Avascular- contain no blood vessels

Innervated- connected to the nervous system

Regenerative- worn out & dead cells continually replaced

How are Epithelial tissues classified?

shape and number of layers

What are the 3 types of layers Epithelial tissues can be classified by?

Simple

Pseudostratified

Stratified

Simple Squamous epithelium

epithelial tissue with 1 layer

Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium

appears to have multiple layers, but all its cells lie on the basement membrane, making it simple epithelium

Stratified Squamous epithelium

epithelium: multiple layers

What are the 3 cell shapes of Epithelial tissues

squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Simple Squamous epithelium

tile like

Simple Cuboidal epithelium

cube like

Simple Columnar epithelium

column-like

What is the function (s) of Simple Squamous epithelium

filtration, diffusion, rapid exchanges of materials

Where is the location of Simple Squamous epithelium tissues

air sacs of lungs; kidney filtation; lines of blood vessels; serous membrane

What is the function of Simple Cuboidal tissues

secretion

Where is the location of Simple Cuboidal epithelium tissues

Kidney tubulus & Glands

What is the function of Simple Columnar tissues

Secreation & Absorption

Where is the location of Simple Columnar epithelium tissues

Kidney ducts, lines of the GI tract, lining of spinal cord

What is the function of Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium tissue

secreation; may be ciliated (hair like projection)

Where is the location of Pseudostratified Columnar epithelium tissue

Respiratory Tract

What is the function of Stratified Squsamous epithelium tissue

protection (abrasion, water loss, UV lights) & its the 1st line of defense

Where is the location of Stratified Squsamous epithelium tissue

Keratinized skin; mouth; esophagus

What is the function of Transitional epithelium tissue

streches to accommodate changes in volume

Where is the location of Transitional epithelium tissue

lines portions of the urinary system (bladder)

Function & Location of: Areolar (loose) CT

Function: strength, elasticity, & support
Location: skin, mucous membrane, around blood vessels, nerves, organs