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alleles
different forms of genes for a single trait
dominant trait
one whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present; always expressed
recessive trait
one whose trait is hidden whenever the dominant alleles is present; only expressed in the homozygous state
heterozygous
genotypes made of two different alleles
homozygous
genotypes made of the same alleles
genetics
the scientific study of heredity
trait
each specific characteristic, such as stem height or seed
gene
used to describe the factors that control a trait
purebread
the offspring of many generations that have the same form of a trait
heredity
the passing of physical characteristics from parents to offspring
hybrid
an organism that has two different alleles for a trait
fertilization
a process in which new organism begins to form when egg and sperm cells join together
genotype
an organism’s genetic makeup, or allelles
phenotype
an organism’s physical appearance, or visible traits; how a trait looks or is expressed
Punnett square
a chart that shows all of the possible ways that alleles can combine in a genetic cross
probability
a number that describes how likely it is that an event will occur
incomplete dominance
occurs when one allele is only partially dominant
codominance
occurs when both alleles for a gene are expressed equally
mutations
Any change in the DNA of a gene or chromosome. Therefore, the organisms trait may be different from what it normally would be. If mutations occur in a body cell, it will not be passed on to the offspring, if occurs in a sex cell, it can be passed onto an offspring, and affect it’s traits.
nitrogen bases
molecules that contain nitrogen and other elements;
Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine
how nitrogen bases mix
A goes with T; C goes with G