Fundamentals of Nursing

Nursing Interventions

Actions taken by nurses to provide care to patients

Independent Nursing Intervention

Actions within the scope of nursing practice, not requiring a doctor's order

Dependent Nursing Intervention

Actions requiring a doctor's order for implementation

Interdependent Nursing Intervention

Collaborative actions involving multiple healthcare professionals

Nursing Care Delivery Systems

Various models for organizing and providing nursing care

Functional Nursing

Task-based care delivery system, cost-effective but less holistic

Total Patient Care

Shift-based care where one nurse cares for a patient until the end of the shift

Team Nursing

Collaborative care by a group of healthcare providers for a group of patients

Primary Nursing

24-hour care by a primary nurse from admission to discharge

Case Management

Coordination of healthcare services by a case manager to ensure efficient care

Metaparadigm for Nursing

Core concepts of nursing practice - Person, Environment, Health, Nursing

Nursing Theories

Frameworks that guide nursing practice and care delivery based on different concepts

Florence Nightingale

Pioneer nurse researcher, known for the Environmental Theory

Virginia Henderson

Developed the 14 Basic Needs theory focusing on meeting patients' basic needs

Faye Abdellah

Introduced the 21 Nursing Problems theory for addressing patient care issues

Myra Levine

Developed the Conservation Theory focusing on energy, structural, personal, and social integrity

Imogene King

Created the Goal Attainment Theory emphasizing setting and achieving patient goals

Dorothea Orem

Proposed the Self-Care Deficit Theory focusing on activities of daily living and self-care

Sister Calista Roy

Known for the Adaptation Theory in nursing care

Lyda Hall

Coined the nursing process acronym ADPIE for Assessment, Diagnosis, Planning, Implementation, Evaluation

Betty Neuman

Introduced the Health Care System Model focusing on prevention levels

Dorothy Johnson

Developed the Behavioral System Model focusing on behavioral responses to stressors

Patricia Benner

Described the stages of clinical competence in nursing practice from Novice to Expert

Vital Signs

Indicators of physiological functioning in the body, including temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure

Pain Assessment

Evaluation of pain intensity and characteristics to provide appropriate pain management

Sensorineural HL

Hearing loss due to nerve damage, such as from ototoxicity or Meniere's disease, typically localized in the better ear.

Visual acuity

Clarity of vision; tested using Snellen's chart with 20/20 vision for adults and 10/10 for children.

Sputum Exam

Collection of early morning sputum to detect pneumonia complications and perform culture/sensitivity for antibiotic selection.

Stool Exam

Examination of fresh stool for parasites and detection of occult blood using FOBT, affected by various dietary and medication factors.

Urine Exam

Collection methods, volumes, and procedures for routine urinalysis, culture/sensitivity, and 24-hour urine collection.

Blood Exam

Fasting blood sugar levels, lipid profile, and complete blood count parameters including RBC, WBC, and platelet counts.

Kidney Function Test

Assessment of kidney function through BUN and creatinine levels, indicating kidney disease if elevated.

Liver Function Test

Evaluation of liver function using SGOT, SGPT, and albumin levels, crucial for oncotic pressure regulation.

Pancreatic Enzymes

Measurement of amylase levels for diagnosing pancreatitis, with levels peaking within 24 hours of onset.

Serum Electrolytes

Normal ranges for sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, and calcium, with implications for various physiological functions.

Arterial Blood Gas

Procedure to assess blood oxygenation and acid-base balance, requiring radial and ulnar artery patency.

Breast Self Exam

Monthly self-examination for detecting breast cancer, emphasizing inspection and palpation techniques.

Mammography

X-ray screening for breast cancer, recommended annually starting at 40 years old, with specific preparation instructions.

Pap Smear

Screening test for cervical cancer, performed every 3 years from age 21, involving lithotomy position and specimen collection.

Testicular Self Exam

Monthly self-examination for testicular cancer detection, best done after a warm shower.

Endoscopy

Upper and lower procedures for examining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, with pre- and post-procedure care guidelines.

Fire Safety

Types of fire extinguishers, RACE PASS protocol, and Morse Fall Scale for assessing fall risk in patients.

Falls Prevention

Strategies to prevent falls in healthcare settings, including risk factors, positioning techniques, and environmental considerations.

Disaster Response

Distinction between external and internal disasters, emphasizing the rule of saving as many individuals as possible in internal disasters.