CI 10 4TH QTR

def of terms, refer to your book for each and every section

Human Rights

• It is an entitlement that each individual is supposed to enjoy

• It is a cluster of basic principles concerning what is universally binding on the conscience of human beings.

Freedom-based Human Rights

• Civil and political rights

• Social freedom and equality

• Right to equal education and opportunities

Needs-based Human Rights

• Social and economic rights

• Seeks to provide equal opportunity for material needs through the availability of resources

Special Rights

A term originally used by conservatives and libertarians to refer to laws granting rights to one or more groups that are not extended to other groups.

• Children’s Rights

• Women’s Rights

• Rights of People with Disabilities

Children’s Rights

A subset of human rights with particular attention to the rights of special protection and care afforded to minors.

Women’s Rights

The rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries.

Rights of People with Disabilities

Refers to the basic freedoms and protections that ensure individuals with disabilities are treated equally, have access to opportunities, and can fully participate in society without discrimination.

Bill of Rights

The declaration and enumeration of the person’s rights and privileges designed to protect against violations by the government or by an individual & to limit the powers of the State.

Individual Rights

In the Bill of Rights, what kind of rights are sections 1-10?

Rights of the Accused

In the Bill of Rights, what kind of rights are sections 11-22?

Freedom

What does liberty mean?

Probable Cause

Such facts and circumstances sufficient to induce a cautious man to believe that a crime might have been committed.

Search Warrant

An order in writing issued by the court commanding a peace officer to search for certain personal property.

Warrant of Arrest

An order in writing issued by the court commanding a peace officer to arrest a person.

Private Communication

Refers to communication between individuals that is intended to be private, such as conversations between two people or messages sent between individuals. It is generally protected by the right to privacy, which is recognized in many legal systems.

Right to Privacy

It protects individuals from unauthorized intrusion into their personal lives, communications, and information.

Inadmissible

Not accepted as valid evidence

Inviolable

Cannot be broken

Freedom of Speech

It is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear.

Freedom of Expression

It is the right of individuals to express their opinions, thoughts, and ideas without fear of censorship, punishment, or retaliation.

Right of the Press

It is the right of journalists, media organizations, and news outlets to report and publish information without government control, censorship, or retaliation.

Clear & Present Danger

What can suspend the privacy of communication?

Libel

Article 353 of the Civil Code defines this as a public and malicious imputation of a crime, or of a vice or defect, real or imaginary, or any act, omission, condition, status, or circumstance tending to cause the dishonor, discredit, or contempt of a natural or juridical person, or to blacken the memory of the dead.

Oral Defamation or Slander

Defined as "the speaking of base and defamatory words which tend to prejudice another in his reputation, office, trade, business or means of livelihood."

Right to Religion

It is the right to express their beliefs and convictions and to participate in activities in line with these beliefs.

Right to Property

It is a fundamental human right that allows individuals and groups to own, use, control, and dispose of possessions legally without unjust interference.

Right to Information

The right of citizens to access public documents and records, ensuring transparency and accountability in government actions

Right to Form Unions, Associations, or Societies

Citizens have the right to create groups, unions, or societies for lawful purposes. This right cannot be restricted or taken away.

Contract

A legally binding agreement between two or more parties.

Consent, object, cause

The 3 essential parts of a contract.

Obligation of a Contract

It is the law which binds the parties to perform their agreement according to its terms provided it is not contrary to law, morals, good customs, public order or public policy.

Purpose of non-impairment

It is to protect the creditors, to assure fulfillment of lawful promises. Business problems would arise if contracts are not stable and binding.

Right to Remain Silent

A person cannot be forced to answer questions that may incriminate them.

Bail

Security (cash, property, recognizance) required by a court & given for the temporary release of a person under the custody of the law conditioned upon his appearance before any court.

Reclusion Perpetua

Imprisonment for at least thirty [30] years after which the convict becomes eligible for pardon. It also carries with it accessory penalties, namely: perpetual special disqualification, etc.

Reclusion Temporal

12 years and 1 day to 20 years

Prision Mayor and Temporary Disqualification

6 years and 1 day to 12 years

Prision correccional, suspension, and destierro

6 months and 1 day to 6 years

Arresto Mayor

1 month and 1 day to 6 months

Arresto Menor

1 day to 30 days

Arraignment

Copy of the complaint is being read in the language or dialect known to him, asking him whether he pleads guilty or not guilty.

Subpoena

An order that may be issued by the court to compel the attendance of witnesses in order to testify in behalf of the accused.

Writ of Habeas Corpus

A court order directing a person detaining another, commanding him to produce the body of the prisoner and show sufficient cause for holding in custody the person detained.

Involuntary Servitude

A compulsory service of one to another

Heinous Crimes

Offenses that are exceedingly bad or evil or those committed with extreme cruelty as to shock the general moral sense such as rape, parricide, murder, robbery with homicide.

Estafa

Wrongful or criminal deception intended to result in financial or personal gain; fraud.

Double Jeopardy

When a person is charged with an offense and the case is terminated by acquittal or conviction, he will be charged again with the same offense.

Ex Post Facto Law

One which, operating retrospectively, deprives the accused of some protection or defense previously available, to their disadvantage.

Bill of Attainder

Inflicts punishment without judicial trial, thus, a violation of due process of law.

Impartial Trial

Implies an absence of bias in the trial of cases.

Beyond Reasonable Doubt

The legal burden of proof required to affirm a conviction in a criminal case.

Trial in Absentia

A criminal proceeding in court of low in which the person who is subject to it is not physically present at those proceedings.