1/46
Looks like no tags are added yet.
Name | Mastery | Learn | Test | Matching | Spaced |
---|
No study sessions yet.
Mitosis
A type of cell division resulting in two daughter cells, each with the same number of chromosomes (diploid) as the parent.
Meiosis
Cell division producing four genetically unique haploid cells, important in gamete formation.
Spermiogenesis
Final stage of spermatogenesis where spermatids mature into sperm.
Spermatogenesis
Entire process of sperm cell development (mitosis → meiosis → spermiogenesis).
Chromosome
DNA structure carrying genetic material; humans have 46 (23 pairs).
Chromatid
One of two identical halves of a replicated chromosome.
Haploid
A cell with half the number of chromosomes (n = 23).
Diploid
A cell with the full set of chromosomes (2n = 46).
Oogenesis
Formation of female gametes (ova).
Follicle
Structure in ovaries containing a developing oocyte and surrounding cells.
Polar body
A small cell produced during oogenesis that eventually degenerates.
Ovulation
Release of a secondary oocyte from a mature follicle.
Fertilization
Fusion of sperm and ovum to form a zygote.
Menses
Menstrual bleeding due to shedding of the uterine lining.
Proliferative
Phase of the uterine cycle where the endometrium rebuilds.
Spermatozoa
Mature sperm cells.
GnRH
Hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates the anterior pituitary.
FSH
Hormone that acts on Sertoli cells to promote spermatogenesis.
LH
Hormone that stimulates interstitial (Leydig) cells to release testosterone.
Testosterone
Final trigger for spermatogenesis; regulates male traits.
Male Infertility
Often due to low sperm count, poor motility, or hormone imbalances.
Oogonia
Cells that complete mitosis before birth.
Primary oocytes
Arrested in prophase I until puberty.
Ovulated secondary oocyte
Arrests in metaphase II until fertilization.
Fertilization
Triggers completion of meiosis II.
Follicular Phase
Follicle growth → mature Graafian follicle → ovulation.
Luteal Phase
Corpus luteum forms → degenerates if no fertilization.
Menses
Shedding of endometrium.
Proliferative Phase
Endometrial regrowth under estrogen.
Secretory Phase
Glands secrete nutrients under progesterone.
GnRH
Stimulates FSH & LH release.
Estrogen
Endometrial repair, secondary sex characteristics.
Progesterone
Maintains endometrium; secreted by corpus luteum.
Birth Control
Prevents ovulation by maintaining hormone levels (estrogen/progesterone) artificially.
Difference between mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis produces 2 diploid identical cells; meiosis produces 4 haploid genetically unique cells.
Effect of low FSH on sperm production
Reduced FSH impairs spermatogenesis, lowering sperm count.
Functions of interstitial and nurse cells
Interstitial (Leydig): Produce testosterone. Nurse (Sertoli): Support, nourish developing sperm, form blood-testis barrier.
Source, target, effect of GnRH in males
Source: Hypothalamus; Target: Anterior pituitary; Effect: Stimulates FSH and LH release.
FSH and LH targets/effects in males
FSH: Sertoli cells → sperm production; LH: Interstitial cells → testosterone production.
Stages of spermatogenesis
Spermatogonium (2n) → primary spermatocyte (2n) → secondary spermatocytes (n) → spermatids (n) → spermatozoa (n).
Oogenesis vs. spermatogenesis
Oogenesis produces 1 ovum + 3 polar bodies; occurs monthly; starts before birth. Spermatogenesis produces 4 sperm; continuous from puberty.
Primary, growing, tertiary follicles
Primary: Single layer of cells around oocyte. Growing: Layers increase, fluid begins accumulating. Tertiary (Graafian): Fully mature, ready to ovulate.
Follicular vs. postovulatory phase (ovary)
Follicular: Follicle grows; estrogen rises. Postovulatory: Corpus luteum forms; progesterone dominates.
Uterine cycle phases
Menses: Endometrial shedding; Proliferative: Endometrium rebuilds; Secretory: Endometrium thickens/secretes nutrients.
Blockage of progesterone receptors in uterus
Prevents endometrium maintenance → possible early shedding or failed implantation.
Event with low estrogen/progesterone
Menses begins (menstrual bleeding).
How birth control alters hormones/cycle
Maintains steady estrogen/progesterone → prevents LH surge → no ovulation or follicle maturation.