Chapters 2-6

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120 Terms

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Rutherford's experiment

Used gold foil to scatter alpha particles and discover the atomic nucleus.

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Element

Any substance that can't be broken down by chemical means.

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Mass

The amount of substance, the same on Earth or Moon.

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Weight

The force gravity exerts on a substance, varies between Earth and Moon.

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Cation

An ion with more protons than electrons.

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Anion

An ion with more electrons than protons.

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Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. ex: C12, C14

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Radioactive isotopes

Unstable isotopes that decay at a constant rate measured as half-life.

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Electronegativity

The affinity of an atom for electrons.

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What has the highest and lowest affinity for electrons?

Highest O=3.5 Lowest H=2.1

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Hydrogen bonding in water

Results from water's polarity, favoring O-acceptors and H-donors.

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Cohesion

The sticking of water molecules to each other at the surface.

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Adhesion

The sticking of water molecules to other polar molecules. Such as glass

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Hydrophobic molecules

Aggregate in water, forming structures like monolayers and micelles.

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Acids

Proton donors in a chemical reaction.

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What happens to strong acids in water?

They completely disassociate

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What happens to weak acids in water?

they partially disassociate

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Bases

Proton acceptors in a chemical reaction.

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Buffer

A mixture of a weak acid and its salt that resists changes in pH.

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How does buffering compromise?

1 pH unit above and 1pH unit below the pKa of the acid

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Functional groups

Primary functional groups include hydroxyl, carbonyl, and carboxyl among others.

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Structural isomers

Isomers that differ in the structure of the carbon skeleton.

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Stereoisomers

Isomers that differ in how groups are attached.

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Enantiomers

are chiral and mirror image

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Polymers

Large molecules made from monomers like carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and proteins.

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Macromolecules (including polymers)

Large molecules made by dehydration and broken by hydrolysis.

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Monosaccharides

Simple sugars with 3-9 carbons and have carbonyl and hydroxyl

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Oligosaccharides & Polysaccharides

Also called glycans; include multiple monosaccharides.

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Linear D-glucose has:

4 stereoisomers

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D-Glucose

A monosaccharide that forms cyclic structures. with stereocenters with orientations a and B

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Sucrose

Disaccharide formed from aD-glucose and aD-fructose.

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Maltose

formed by 2 aD-Glucose

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Starch

A polymer of glucose including amylose and amylopectin. has linear amylose and branched amylopectin

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Cellulose

A linear polymer of bD-glucose.

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Nucleotide

A basic unit of DNA and RNA, consisting of a sugar, nitrogenous base, and phosphate.

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DNA and RNA

DNA has deoxy ribose and RNA has ribose. Both have only one phosphate.

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Purine

Nucleic bases including adenine and guanine.

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Pyrimidines

Nucleic bases including cytosine, thymine, and uracil.

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DNA

encodes information for protein synthesis. has a double helix with H-bonding: A:T and G:C

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RNA

Uses DNA information to specify amino acid sequences. RNA is a single strand

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ATP

The primary energy currency of the cell.

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What are electron carriers?

NAD+ and FAD

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How many amino acids does DNA need in protein synthesis.

There are 20 amino acids. All amino acids are L

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Protein structure

Four levels: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

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What gives shape to protiens

hydrogen bonding, disulfide bridge, ionic bond & hydrophobic interactions

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Motifs

is a folding pattern

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Domain

a unit of a protein that has a function such as catalysis

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Native state

the function form of a protein

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Chaperones

Assist in the proper folding of proteins.

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Lipids

material that is insoluble in water such as fats, oils, waxes, terpenes, steroids.

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What part of the protein determines its tertiary structure?

The primary structure

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Triglycerides

Esters of glycerol with three fatty acids.

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Fatty acids

acids with 12-20 carbons

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Phospholipids have:

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate

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Unsaturated fatty acids

animal unsaturated fatty acids are cis

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Phospholipids

are amphiphilic (surfactants/soap) with polar head and non polar tail

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Cell

The basic unit of an organism, arise from pervious cells, most are less than 50 um

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Who was the first to observe microspores?

Robert Hooke in 1665

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Microscope Types

Light (resolves 200nm) and electron microscopes (resolve 0.2 nm)

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Light microscopes

have 2 magnifying lenses (compound) and are limited to lights’ wavelengths

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Electron Microscopes

beam of electrons can be transmission (through the sample) or scanning (on the surface)

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Basic structure of all cells (4)

nucleoid or nucleus, cytoplasm, plasma membrane and ribosomes

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Archaea domain walls

have sugar/protein

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Bacteria Domain walls

have peptidoglycans

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Prokaryotes

Simple organisms with no membrane-bound nucleus, DNA and have cell wall in 2 domains

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What do some prokaryotes have for chemical reaction?

Organelles and infoldings in plasma membrane

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What does bacteria have for metabolic process?

microcompartments with semipermeable protein shell

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What does prokaryotes have and what gives the cell shape?

Prokaryotes have actin and tubulin structures, but cell shape is given by cell wall.

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What rotates using proton gradient?

pili and flagella, similar to ATP synthase

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What do cell wall of archaea have that gives them thermal protection?

saturated hydrocarbons attached to glycerol

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Similarities of animal and plant cells:

plasma membrane, most of the same organelles + cytoskeleton

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Plant cells have in addition:

cell wall, chloroplasts, vacuoles and glyoxysome for fat to sugar conversion

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Eukaryotes nucleus has:

has nucleolus for RNA synthesis and 2-phospholipid bilayer membrane with pores

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What does nuclear pores allow for?

allow the passage of ions and small molecules, control passage of large RNA complexes

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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

The largest internal membrane, divides the lumen from cytoplasm

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RER

has ribosomes that make proteins for export that can be tagged to form glycoproteins

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SER

a network of tubules and sacs with enzymes to make sugars, steroids and lipids

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What does SER assemble?

membrane lipids, stores Ca ions and modifies foreign substances for detoxification

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Golgi

sorts and modifies proteins/ lipids received in cis face from RER/ SER and send those on trans face

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Lysosomes (organelles from Golgi)

have enzymes for degradation of many internal substances

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Peroxisomes (organelles bud of ER)

oxidize fatty acids and get their name by hydrogen peroxide

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What do vacuoles plants serve as via water channels?

storage for food or toxins, maintain osmotic pressure

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Osmotic pressure

is the force required to stop flow from dilute to concentrated side on a membrane

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What does isotonic solution have in semipermeable membrane?

an equal concentration on both sides

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Mitochondria

are semiautonomous and have inner-membrane enzymes for oxidative phosphorylation

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Chloroplasts of plants

plants have two membranes and make sugars using CO2 as the source of carbon

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Cell Cytoskeleton

has 3 types of proteins: actin, microtubules and intermediate filaments

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How does centrioles occur?

in pairs in animal cells and most protist, but not in plants or fungi. They have tubulin

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Eukaryotes flagella and cilia have…

have 9 microtubule pairs surrounding 2 microtubules used for movement

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Eucaryotic cell walls

have cellulose in plants and protists, and chitin or N-acetyl glucosamine in fungi

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What do animals have instead of a cell wall?

collagen, elastin and proteoglycan in the extracellular matrix (ECM)

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Cell surface has:

glycolipids and MHC protein: markers (blood types), cell recognition (immune system)

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Cell connections

Includes adhesive, tight, and communicating junctions.

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Plasmodesmata in plants

are gaps in cell walls that connect ERs of two cells by a central tube

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Cellular membrane have

lipids, integral proteins, interior protein network & cell surface markers

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membrane lipids

lipids are glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids and sterols such as cholesterol

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Saturated and Unsaturated fatty acids

saturated fatty acids are present in warm temperatures, unsaturated FA are present in cold

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membrane transport can be:

passive, facilitated and active which requires energy from ATP

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Passive transport

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without energy.

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Facilitated diffusion

solute move through channel and carrier proteins from high to low concentration