bsc1010c midterm practical

qualitative data

categorical data

quantitative data

numerical data

accuracy

how close a measurement is to the true value

precision

a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

true

precision is independent of accuracy

percent error

the absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value, multiplied by 100%

conversions

changing from one unit to another

micropipettes

a very fine pipette for measuring, transferring, or injecting very small quantities of liquid

gel electrophoresis

technique used to separate dna fragments according to their size

true

dna fragments are negatively charged so they move towards the positive electrode

tae buffer

used for the separation of nucleic acids such as dna & rna

acids

produce hydrogen ions/less hydrogens \= acids (donates hydrogen ions)

bases

accepts hydrogen ions/more hydrogens \= base (takes in hydrogen ions)

hydronium ion

consists of a protonated water molecule and is present in all aqueous acids

hydroxyl ion

consists of an oxygen and hydrogen atom held together by a single covalent bond

buffers

solutions that can resist ph change upon the addition of an acidic or basic component

macromolecules

any very large molecule (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids)

benedict's reagent

tests for reducing sugars (negative \= blue, positive \= orange)

iodine test

tests for starch (negative \= dark red, positive \= black/blue)

buiret solution

tests for proteins (negative \= blue, positive \= purple/black)

sudan iv

tests for lipids (negative \= dark red, positive \= reddish/orange)

microscope total magnification

multiply ocular and objective lens

objective lens \= 4x

total magnification \= 40x

objective lens \= 10x

total magnification \= 100x

objective lens \= 40x

total magnification \= 400x

wet mount

a glass slide holding a specimen suspended in a drop of liquid (as water) for microscopic examination

staining

using a colorful stain to better see a specimen

eukaryotes

organisms made up of one or more cells that have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

animal, plant, and fungi

eukaryotes

prokaryotes

organisms whose cells lack a nucleus

bacteria and archaea

prokaryotes

animal cells

eukaryotic cells that lack a cell wall and has a true membrane-bound nucleus

plant cells

eukaryotic cells who have a true nucleus and chloroplasts

dialysis tubing

a semi-permeable membrane which mimics the cell membrane

dialysis tubing

allows low-molecular-weight molecules to pass through while blocking proteins and other large molecules

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

diffusion

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

osmosis

diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

tonicity

the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes (swells or lyse)

hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes (crenate)

osmoregulation

process that regulates the osmotic pressure of fluids and electrolytic balance in organisms

plant osmoregulation

plants that live in water or damp environments can absorb water across their entire surface

animal osmoregulation

utilizes an excretory system to control the amount of water that is lost to the environment and maintain osmotic pressure

covalent bond

a bond formed when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons

polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

non polar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution of electrical charge