Molecules of Life

Module 3

Nucleus (House and Brain):

• Houses DNA (house)

• Directs protein synthesis and cell division (brain)

Mitochondria

Generates usable energy for the cell

Ribosomes

Protein synthesis

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Process and packages proteins and lipids

Peroxisomes

Detoxify harmful chemicals

Lysosomes

Cell digestive system

Four Types of Tissues

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscle

• Nervous

Epithelial Tissue (protection)

• Lines the outside surfaces and external passages

Connective Tissue (glue)

Holds structures together

Muscle (strength)

Contracts to cause movement

Nervous (transportation of nerve impulses)

Responds and reacts to signals in the environment

Organ

Group of similar tissues arranged in a specific manner to perform a specific physiological function (brain, heart, liver, stomach, lungs).

Organ Systems

Group of two or more organs that work together to perform specific physiological function

Many organs do not contribute to more than one system

False

Many organs contribute to more than one system

Eleven Organ Systems:

• Nervous

• Respiratory

• Circulatory

• Digestive

• Excretory (urinary)

• Muscular

• Skeletal

• Integumentary

• Immune

• Endocrine

• Reproductive

Chemical Processes (term)

• Release energy from food

• Synthesis

• Prepare waste products

Two types of chemical processes:

• Anabolic

• Catabolic

Metabolism

The entire collection of chemical processes taking place within the cell involved in maintaining life.

Anabolism (requires energy)

Puts molecules together

Catabolism (releases energy)

Breaks molecules apart

Photosynthesis is essential to all life on earth.

True

Photosynthesis is essential to all life on earth

Glucose is not the main energy source humans use to make ATP

False

Glucose is the main energy source humans use to make ATP

ATP is the main energy used by cells to fuel their processes

True

ATP is the main energy used by cells to fuel their processes

Photosynthesis also serves as a source of oxygen

True

Photosynthesis also serves as a source of oxygen

Photosynthesis Formula:

6CO2 + 6H2O + sun’s energy = C6H12O6 + 6O2

Hint: write it down a couple times, if cannot remember.

Cellular Respiration (term)

• Glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water

• ATP is released

• Occurs in mitochondria of cells

• Aerobic process (OXYGEN IS REQUIRED)

Cellular Respiration:

glucose + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP and heat)

Digestive System

• Break down the foods you eat

• Release food nutrients

• Absorb nutrients from food into the body

Functions of the digestive system:

• Ingestion

• Mechanical Digestion

• Chemical Digestion

• Absorption

• Excretion

Components of the digestive system:

• Gastrointestinal Tract

• Accessory Organs

Gastrointestinal Tract includes:

• Mouth

• Pharynx

• Esophagus

• Stomach

• Small intestine

• Large intestine

• Rectum

• Anus

Small intestine includes:

• Duodenum

• Jejunum

• ileum

Accessory organs includes:

• Salivary glands

• Liver

• Gallbladder

• Pancreas

Accessory organs (not part of the GI tract)

Have ducts that deliver digestive juices into the tract to help aid in digestion.

Salivary Glands

• Produces Saliva = moistens food

• Produces Salivary Amylase = starts the chemical breakdown of carbohydrates

Liver

Produces bile salts = emulsify lipids

aids digestion and absorption

Gallbladder

• Stores concentrates

• Releases bile into the small intestine through the common bile duct