APP - CardioVascular System anatomy

1. Where is the heart located within the thoracic cavity?

A. In the pleural cavity

B. In the mediastinum, between the lungs

C. Below the diaphragm, in the abdominal cavity

D. Posterior to the vertebral column

Answer:

B

Explanation: The heart is located in the mediastinum, the central compartment of the thoracic cavity, between the lungs.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 732

2. Which of the following correctly lists the layers of the heart wall from outermost to innermost?

A. Myocardium, endocardium, epicardium

B. Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

C. Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium

D. Pericardium, epicardium, myocardium

Answer:

B

Explanation: The outermost layer is the epicardium, followed by the thick muscular myocardium, and the innermost layer is the endocardium.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 737

3. Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?

A. Right atrium

B. Right ventricle

C. Left atrium

D. Left ventricle

Answer:

C

Explanation: The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins coming from the lungs.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 738

4. Which valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle?

A. Mitral valve

B. Aortic valve

C. Pulmonary valve

D. Tricuspid valve

Answer:

D

Explanation: The tricuspid valve separates the right atrium and the right ventricle, preventing backflow during contraction.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 740

5. Which arteries branch off the ascending aorta to supply the heart itself?

A. Pulmonary arteries

B. Coronary arteries

C. Carotid arteries

D. Subclavian arteries

Answer:

B

Explanation: The left and right coronary arteries branch off the ascending aorta and supply oxygenated blood to the myocardium.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 741

6. What is the function of the coronary sinus?

A. Carries oxygenated blood to the heart wall

B. Drains deoxygenated blood from the heart wall into the right atrium

C. Pumps blood from the left atrium into the left ventricle

D. Supplies the pulmonary circulation

Answer:

B

Explanation: The coronary sinus collects deoxygenated blood from the myocardium and empties it into the right atrium.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 743

1. What is the pericardium?

A. The innermost layer of the heart wall

B. A serous membrane lining the blood vessels

C. A double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

D. The muscular layer responsible for contraction

Answer:

C

Explanation: The pericardium is a double-walled sac that encloses the heart and anchors it within the thoracic cavity. It consists of a fibrous outer layer and an inner serous layer.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 735

2. What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A. Produces pericardial fluid

B. Prevents overstretching of the heart and anchors it in the mediastinum

C. Assists in myocardial contraction

D. Lines the internal surface of the heart chambers

Answer:

B

Explanation: The fibrous pericardium is a tough outer layer that prevents overdistension of the heart and secures it in place within the thoracic cavity.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 735

3. What does the serous pericardium consist of?

A. Only visceral pericardium

B. Parietal and visceral layers with a fluid-filled cavity between them

C. Only fibrous tissue

D. Muscular tissue and collagen

Answer:

B

Explanation: The serous pericardium has two layers: the parietal layer lines the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer (epicardium) covers the heart. Between them lies the pericardial cavity filled with serous fluid.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 735

4. What is the primary role of pericardial fluid?

A. Initiates electrical conduction

B. Provides nutrients to the myocardium

C. Reduces friction between the serous layers as the heart beats

D. Prevents infections from entering the heart

Answer:

C

Explanation: The pericardial fluid, secreted by the serous pericardium, acts as a lubricant, reducing friction during heart movements.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 735

5. Which layer of the pericardium is also considered part of the heart wall?

A. Fibrous pericardium

B. Parietal pericardium

C. Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

D. Myocardium

Answer:

C

Explanation: The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also known as the epicardium and forms the outermost layer of the heart wall.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 737

1. What is the pericardium?

A. The innermost layer of the heart wall

B. A serous membrane lining the blood vessels

C. A double-layered membrane surrounding the heart

D. The muscular layer responsible for contraction

Answer:

C

Explanation: The pericardium is a double-walled sac that encloses the heart and anchors it within the thoracic cavity. It consists of a fibrous outer layer and an inner serous layer.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 735

2. What is the function of the fibrous pericardium?

A. Produces pericardial fluid

B. Prevents overstretching of the heart and anchors it in the mediastinum

C. Assists in myocardial contraction

D. Lines the internal surface of the heart chambers

Answer:

B

Explanation: The fibrous pericardium is a tough outer layer that prevents overdistension of the heart and secures it in place within the thoracic cavity.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 735

3. What does the serous pericardium consist of?

A. Only visceral pericardium

B. Parietal and visceral layers with a fluid-filled cavity between them

C. Only fibrous tissue

D. Muscular tissue and collagen

Answer:

B

Explanation: The serous pericardium has two layers: the parietal layer lines the fibrous pericardium, and the visceral layer (epicardium) covers the heart. Between them lies the pericardial cavity filled with serous fluid.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 735

4. What is the primary role of pericardial fluid?

A. Initiates electrical conduction

B. Provides nutrients to the myocardium

C. Reduces friction between the serous layers as the heart beats

D. Prevents infections from entering the heart

Answer:

C

Explanation: The pericardial fluid, secreted by the serous pericardium, acts as a lubricant, reducing friction during heart movements.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 735

5. Which layer of the pericardium is also considered part of the heart wall?

A. Fibrous pericardium

B. Parietal pericardium

C. Visceral pericardium (epicardium)

D. Myocardium

Answer:

C

Explanation: The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also known as the epicardium and forms the outermost layer of the heart wall.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 737

1. What is the primary function of the systemic circulation?

A. To oxygenate blood in the lungs

B. To carry blood to and from the heart muscle

C. To deliver oxygenated blood to the body tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the heart

D. To filter waste products from the blood

Answer: C

Explanation: Systemic circulation carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to all body tissues and returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the vena cavae.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 745

2. Which blood vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the heart?

A. Pulmonary artery

B. Pulmonary vein

C. Aorta

D. Inferior vena cava

Answer: B

Explanation: The pulmonary veins are the only veins that carry oxygenated blood. They transport oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 747

3. What is the correct order of blood flow in the pulmonary circulation?

A. Right atrium → pulmonary veins → lungs → left atrium

B. Right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium

C. Right atrium → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left ventricle

D. Left atrium → lungs → right atrium

Answer: B

Explanation: Pulmonary circulation begins in the right ventricle, continues through the pulmonary trunk and arteries to the lungs, and returns via the pulmonary veins to the left atrium.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 746

4. Which vessel brings nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal organs to the liver?

A. Inferior vena cava

B. Superior mesenteric vein

C. Hepatic vein

D. Hepatic portal vein

Answer: D

Explanation: The hepatic portal vein carries blood rich in nutrients (and toxins) absorbed from the GI tract to the liver for processing and detoxification.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 748

5. Which of the following is a unique feature of the hepatic portal circulation?

A. It bypasses the liver to supply the heart

B. It involves two capillary beds in series before returning to the heart

C. It supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys

D. It only functions during fetal development

Answer: B

Explanation: Hepatic portal circulation consists of two capillary networks in series: one in the gastrointestinal organs and the second in the liver before draining into the inferior vena cava.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 748

1. Which artery is commonly palpated at the side of the forehead, just above the zygomatic arch?

A. Facial artery

B. Temporal artery

C. Occipital artery

D. Maxillary artery

Answer: B

Explanation: The superficial temporal artery is a terminal branch of the external carotid artery and can be palpated over the temporal bone above the zygomatic arch.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 771

2. Which artery is palpated along the mandible near the angle of the jaw?

A. Facial artery

B. Carotid artery

C. Maxillary artery

D. Submental artery

Answer: A

Explanation: The facial artery curves around the mandible near its angle and can be palpated as a pulse point just anterior to the masseter muscle.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 771

3. The most commonly used pulse point in emergency situations is located where?

A. Over the radial artery

B. Over the femoral artery

C. Along the common carotid artery

D. On the dorsum of the foot

Answer: C

Explanation: The common carotid artery is a central pulse point that is easily accessible and typically used during emergencies due to its proximity to the heart.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 771

4. Where is the brachial artery pulse best palpated?

A. In the axilla

B. Medial to the biceps tendon in the antecubital fossa

C. Lateral to the radius at the wrist

D. On the posterior side of the arm

Answer: B

Explanation: The brachial artery can be palpated just medial to the biceps tendon in the cubital fossa and is commonly used for measuring blood pressure.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 771

5. Which artery is most appropriate to palpate in the lower abdomen?

A. Common iliac artery

B. Inferior mesenteric artery

C. Abdominal aorta

D. Hepatic artery

Answer: C

Explanation: The abdominal aorta can be palpated just left of the midline in the abdomen, especially in thin individuals.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 770

6. Which artery is palpated in the groin area and is a major supplier of blood to the lower limb?

A. Popliteal artery

B. Common iliac artery

C. Femoral artery

D. Tibial artery

Answer: C

Explanation: The femoral artery is a continuation of the external iliac artery and can be palpated in the femoral triangle of the upper thigh.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 771

7. The pulse behind the knee is detected at which artery?

A. Anterior tibial artery

B. Popliteal artery

C. Femoral artery

D. Peroneal artery

Answer: B

Explanation: The popliteal artery is a deep vessel located behind the knee and is the continuation of the femoral artery.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 771

8. Which artery is palpated on the medial aspect of the wrist?

A. Ulnar artery

B. Radial artery

C. Brachial artery

D. Palmar arch

Answer: A

Explanation: The ulnar artery runs along the medial side of the forearm and can be felt near the pisiform bone of the wrist.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 771

9. The radial artery is most commonly palpated for what purpose?

A. Blood oxygenation

B. Arterial puncture

C. Pulse monitoring

D. Nerve block

Answer: C

Explanation: The radial artery is superficial and easily accessible at the lateral aspect of the wrist, making it ideal for pulse monitoring.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 771

10. Which artery is palpated on the dorsum of the foot and used to assess peripheral circulation?

A. Posterior tibial artery

B. Popliteal artery

C. Dorsalis pedis artery

D. Fibular artery

Answer: C

Explanation: The dorsalis pedis artery is a continuation of the anterior tibial artery and can be palpated on the dorsal surface of the foot.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 771

11. The posterior tibial artery can be palpated where?

A. Anterior to the lateral malleolus

B. Posterior to the medial malleolus

C. Along the patellar tendon

D. Between the gastrocnemius heads

Answer: B

Explanation: The posterior tibial artery lies behind the medial malleolus and is commonly used to assess peripheral circulation in the lower limb.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, Principles of Anatomy and Physiology, 15th ed., p. 771

1. A patient presents with pericardial effusion and muffled heart sounds. Which of the following correctly describes the anatomical structure affected and the immediate physiological consequence?

A. Inflammation of the endocardium, reducing electrical conduction

B. Fluid accumulation between the myocardium and epicardium, impairing muscle contraction

C. Excess fluid in the pericardial cavity, limiting ventricular filling

D. Blood leakage into the thoracic cavity, causing respiratory compression

Answer: C

Explanation: In pericardial effusion, fluid builds up between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium, reducing the heart's ability to expand and fill. This can lead to cardiac tamponade.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, 15th ed., p. 735-736

2. Which sequence correctly traces a drop of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the dorsum of the foot?

A. Pulmonary vein → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → ascending aorta → external iliac → femoral → popliteal → anterior tibial → dorsalis pedis

B. Pulmonary artery → left atrium → aortic valve → abdominal aorta → femoral → dorsalis pedis

C. Pulmonary vein → left ventricle → aortic arch → subclavian → femoral → dorsalis pedis

D. Pulmonary vein → right atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → descending aorta → tibialis anterior → dorsalis pedis

Answer: A

Explanation: The correct pathway includes: pulmonary vein → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → ascending aorta → aortic arch → descending aorta → common iliac → external iliac → femoral → popliteal → anterior tibial → dorsalis pedis.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, 15th ed., p. 745-746, 770-771

3. A blockage of the left anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery will most severely affect which of the following cardiac regions?

A. Right atrium and right ventricular wall

B. Posterior left ventricular wall

C. Interventricular septum and anterior walls of both ventricles

D. Sinoatrial node and right atrium

Answer: C

Explanation: The LAD artery, a branch of the left coronary artery, supplies the interventricular septum and anterior portions of both ventricles, making occlusion life-threatening.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, 15th ed., p. 741-743

4. During abdominal surgery, the surgeon accidentally lacerates a major midline artery at the level of L1. Which organ is most likely affected in terms of blood supply?

A. Spleen

B. Descending colon

C. Small intestine

D. Rectum

Answer: C

Explanation: The superior mesenteric artery branches off the abdominal aorta around L1 and supplies most of the small intestine and part of the large intestine.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, 15th ed., p. 770

5. A nurse cannot palpate a pulse at the radial artery of a patient but detects one at the brachial artery. Which vessel is most likely occluded?

A. Subclavian artery

B. Axillary artery

C. Ulnar artery

D. Radial artery

Answer: D

Explanation: If the brachial pulse is present but the radial pulse is absent, the obstruction is likely in the radial artery distal to the brachial bifurcation.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, 15th ed., p. 771

6. Which of the following distinguishes the hepatic portal circulation from systemic circulation?

A. It involves a single capillary bed in the liver

B. It returns blood directly to the inferior vena cava

C. It carries oxygenated blood to the intestines

D. It collects nutrient-rich blood from the GI tract and passes it through a second capillary bed in the liver

Answer: D

Explanation: Hepatic portal circulation is unique in that it routes blood from GI organs through a second capillary network in the liver for detoxification and nutrient processing.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, 15th ed., p. 748

7. A trauma patient has weak pulses in both feet, especially at the dorsalis pedis artery. Which region should be checked next to identify a possible site of compromised blood flow?

A. Common carotid artery

B. Popliteal artery

C. Brachial artery

D. Subclavian artery

Answer: B

Explanation: The popliteal artery gives rise to the anterior tibial artery, which continues to form the dorsalis pedis. Weak foot pulses may indicate obstruction at or proximal to the popliteal region.

Reference: Tortora & Derrickson, 15th ed., p. 771