Anatomy Final

Which three specific bones fuse to form the pelvis?

Ilium, ischium, and pubis.

What is the resulting trunk movement of a unilateral contraction of the external oblique muscle?

Rotation of the trunk to the contralateral (opposite) side.

List the two primary actions of a bilateral contraction of the external oblique muscles.

Flexion of the trunk and compression of the abdominal viscera.

What is the primary function of the parietal peritoneum?

Lining the internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall.

How is the visceral peritoneum distinguished from the parietal peritoneum?

It directly invests or covers the viscera (organs).

Term: Peritoneum

Definition: A continuous, bilayered membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity and surrounds the organs.

Which major arterial branch provides the primary blood supply to the foregut?

Celiac trunk.

Which specific organs comprise the foregut for blood supply purposes?

Esophagus, stomach, duodenum, spleen, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Which arterial branch supplies the midgut region?

Superior mesenteric artery.

List the organs and colon segments that make up the midgut.

Jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and 2/3 of the transverse colon.

Which arterial branch provides blood to the hindgut?

Inferior mesenteric artery.

Which regions of the gastrointestinal tract constitute the hindgut?

1/3 of the transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

At which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava (IVC) pass through the diaphragm?

T8.

Through which specific diaphragm opening does the inferior vena cava (IVC) enter the thorax?

Caval opening.

At which vertebral level does the inferior vena cava (IVC) begin?

L5.

The union of which two vessels forms the inferior vena cava (IVC)?

Common iliac veins.

What is the primary function of the portal vein?

Carrying deoxygenated blood from the intestines to the liver.

Why is the intravenous dosage of morphine significantly lower than the oral dosage?

Intravenous drugs bypass first-pass metabolism by the liver's portal circulation.

At which vertebral level does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?

T10.

The esophagus passes through the _____ hiatus of the diaphragm.

Esophageal

In which gastric region does the esophagus terminate?

Cardiac region of the stomach.

What is the primary functional difference between the duodenum and the rest of the small intestine?

The duodenum is primarily for digestion, while the jejunum and ileum are for absorption.

Which organ is responsible for the absorption of water and salts?

Large intestine.

List the five main regions of the large intestine.

Cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.

Which organ is responsible for digesting bacteria and depleting red blood cells?

Spleen.

Where is the spleen located relative to the skeletal system?

Deep to the left lower ribs.

Identify the two primary functions of the liver mentioned in the text.

Filtering blood from the GI tract (removing toxins) and producing bile.

Where is the liver primarily located?

On the right side of the body, protected by the lower ribs.

Which structure regulates the passage of food from the stomach into the duodenum?

Pyloric sphincter.

The appendix arises from the cecum inferior to the _____ junction.

Ileocecal

What type of tissue is the appendix primarily composed of?

Lymphoid (immune) tissue.

Where is the pancreas located anatomically?

In the upper lumbar region near the duodenum.

What is the function of the ureters?

Carrying urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

To which body system does the suprarenal (adrenal) gland belong?

Endocrine system.

In the four-quadrant system of the abdomen, what is the name of the horizontal plane?

Transumbilical plane.

In the four-quadrant system of the abdomen, what is the name of the vertical plane?

Median plane.

Provide an example of an organ found in the Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ).

Appendix (or Cecum).

Provide an example of an organ found in the Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ).

Spleen (or Stomach).

What role do landmarks like the ASIS and Iliac Crest play in the abdominal wall?

They serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments.

The external oblique muscle fibers are replaced anteriorly by a sheet-like fibrous tissue called an _____.

Aponeurosis

Which vessel is the direct upstream source of the superior mesenteric artery?

Abdominal aorta.

The common iliac arteries are described as the _____ branches of the abdominal aorta.

Terminal

What is the function of the gallbladder?

It lies on the posterior surface of the liver and stores bile.

Where do the superior aspects of the kidneys lie in relation to the rib cage?

Deep to the lower ribs.

Which organ normally does not descend inferior to the costal margin?

Spleen.

What defines the inferior thoracic aperture in abdominal surface anatomy?

The boundary between the thoracic cage and the abdominal wall.

How many primary lobes does the liver have?

Two.

The IVC collects non-portal blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and _____.

Lower limbs

Which system is responsible for transmitting waste and absorbing salts?

Digestive system (specifically the large intestine).

What structure is continuous with the esophagus at the back of the oral cavity?

Pharynx.