HDFS 2200 exam 4

primary emotions

happiness, anger, fear

happiness

smile: from birth

social smile: 6-10 weeks

laugh: 3-4 months

anger

General distress: from birth

Anger: 4-6 months

fear

stranger anxiety (8-12 months)

first fears (2nd half of first yr)

self-conscious emotions

Happens at 18 months

require social understanding

kids become aware of themselves as separate & unique

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year)

2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)

3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-6 years)

4. Industry vs. Inferiority (6-11 years)

5. Identity vs. Identity Diffusion (12-18 years)

6. Intimacy vs. Isolation (early adulthood: 19-mid 20s)

7. Generativity vs. Stagnation/Self-Absorbtion (middle age: late 20s-50s)

8. Integrity vs. Dispair (old age: 60s and beyond)

emotional contagion

the process by which peoples' emotions are caused by the emotions of others (early infancy)

social referencing

reflects attachment where kids will reference parents facial expression before attempting something dangerous (1 yr)

Freud attachment theory

infants become attached to the person who provides oral satisfaction (biological need)

Harlow attachment theory

skin contact may be more important in learning, as attachment is learned through experience

(cloth & wire monkey study = comfort > food)

Erikson attachment theory

a sense of trust is the foundation for attachment

Trust comes from physical comfort

Bowlby's attachment theory

children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

Seperarion anxiety

Babies cry when their caregiver leaves can be prevented by making sure the baby has a schedule

Causes: sickness, new environment, new caregivers

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display

can extend to unknown family members

strange situation experiment

Mary Ainsworth experiment; looked at exploration when the caregiver is present, when the caregiver leaves, and at the reunion (tests the infant attachment)

secure attachment style

child explored while the caregiver is present & is easily soothed once the caregiver returns

insecure-avoidant attachment

Shows insecurity by avoiding the caregiver & isn't soothed when the caregiver returns

insecure-resistant attachment

classification of parent-child attachment in which the child shows little exploratory behavior when the parent is present, great distress when the parent leaves the room, and ambivalence upon the parent's return

insecure-disorganized attachment

The infant acts disoriented, seems overwhelmed by the situation, and does not demonstrate a consistent way of coping with it.

Attachment style in adolescence

Secure attachment to parents is positively related to other healthy relationships

Attachment in Adulthood

Adults attached to romantic partners as secure base for comfort, security in stressful times

Childhood attachment patterns influence & communication patterns can impact

Emotional competence in early childhood

2-4 yrs have more words/ways to describe emotions

(learn about causes & consequences of feelings)

4-5 yrs greater ability to reflect on emotions (theory of mind & metacognition)

Emotional competence in middle childhood

5-7 yrs increased competence in self conscious emotion

Emotional competence in adolescence

More extremes of emotion & rapid emotional changes

Girls are more vulnerable to depression

due to hormonal/cognitive changes, quest for independence in society with limitations on adolescents

Coping with stress: middle childhood

Use cognitive strategies to self soothe by age 10

Depends on parenting styles & trauma

Coping with stress: adulthood

Problem focused coping: demonstrating/marching for a cause

Emotion focused coping: rethinking situations/internal process

What kind of stress coping do centenarians use?

Emotion focused coping & only use problem focused coping when they know it'll make a difference

authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

authoritarian parenting

A parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children.

permissive parenting

A parenting style characterized by the placement of few limits on the child's behavior.

uninvolved parenting

emotionally detached, self-absorbed, inconsistent or no boundaries, little interaction with children

example of authoritarian parenting

Petes dad doesn't tolerate disobedience & demands that pete calls him sir. He isn't allowed to question or discuss his dads decisions related to him

example of Authoritative parenting

Jonahs grandmother raises him & he usually knows when he has done something that will upset her & can expect a convo about ut. She hugs him & tells him she loves him daily

example of permissive parenting

Jenns mother never gets upset with her & allows her to drink alcohol with her friends at their house. She's always there to listen to Jenns latest problems

example of disengaged parenting

The twins parents are both physicians. They were largely raised by nannies & were given cars when they turned 16. They are allowed to do what they want & rarely check in with or see their parents

tempermanent

stable emotional and behavioral profile over the lifespan that is observed in infancy and partially controlled by genetic factors

Reactivity

speed and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity

self-regulation

Strageties that modify reactivity

goodness of fit

the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands the child must cope with

different temperaments

Easy Child - Even tempered - Predicable behavior (40%)

Difficult Child - Highly Active - Irregular habits (10%)

Slow to Warm up Child - not very communative (15%)

Unclassified a mix of different structures (35%)

Self regulation & self control in ealry & middle childhood

can excersise self control (marshmallow test)

caregivers play a role in development

better able to regulate emotions & body

Biological basis of temperament

Inhibited shy, Uninhibited socialable

Inhibited shy

React negatively, withdraw from new stimuli

High heart rates, stress hormones, and stress symptoms

Higher right hemisphere frontal cortex activity

greater use of amygdala

uninhibited, sociable

React positively, approach new stimuli

Low heart rates, stress hormones, and stress symptoms

Higher left hemisphere frontal cortex activity

less use of amygdala

Genetic influence of temperament

-responsible for about half of individual differences

-ethnicity, gender

Environmental influence of temperament

Caregiving

cultural variances

nutrition

self regulation

Goodness of Fit (Temperament)

Combines genetics and environment

Child rearing to match temperament

Kagan's research on temperament

-Stable trait (toddler to adulthood)

-Association with later mental health (about 1/3 of inhibited children end up with social anxiety disorder)

James Marcia's Identity Statuses

diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, achievement

identity-achievement status

Individual has explored & committed to their identity

identity moratorium

exploration without having reached commitment

identity foreclosure

committed without exploring an identity

identity diffusion

no exploration, no commitment to identity

Identity/Self-Perceptions in Middle Adulthood

more complex, integrated self-descriptions

increases in feelings of:

-self acceptance

-autonomy

-environmental mastery

midlife > increased well being and happiness