Final Prep v2

What is the beginning structure of the alimentary tract?

Oral Cavity/Mouth.

What is the role of the uvula?

Flicks up to prevent non-air from entering the nasopharynx.

What are the two main types of palates in the mouth?

Hard palate (anterior) and soft palate (posterior).

What is the primary function of the tongue?

Assists in mechanical digestion and allows for taste.

What are the names of the muscles involved in chewing?

Lateral Masseter, Temporalis, and Medial and Lateral Pterygoid.

What are the three sections of the pharynx?

Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, and Laryngopharynx.

What is the role of the epiglottis?

Closes off the inferior laryngopharynx to prevent food from entering the voicebox.

What is the function of the esophagus?

Transports food from the laryngopharynx to the stomach.

What is a clump of food entering the esophagus called?

Bolus.

What is peristalsis?

Rhythmic contraction of muscle to propel food forward.

What function does the cardiac sphincter serve?

Prevents backflow into the esophagus.

What is chyme?

The mixture of bolus and digestive juices in the stomach.

What types of acid and enzyme are found in the stomach?

Hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin.

What are rugae in the stomach?

Sacs that increase the surface area of the stomach.

What is the diameter of the small intestine?

3-4 cm (1.5 in).

What is the duodenum?

The C-shaped first part of the small intestine, attached to the pyloric region.

What role does the jejunum play?

It is the second part of the small intestine that connects at the duodenojejunal flexure.

What is the terminal region of the small intestine called?

Ileum.

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

Absorption of water, some vitamins, and solutes, and elimination of waste.

What is the cecum?

The first part of the large intestine that articulates with the ileocecal valve.

What role does the appendix play?

It is involved in the maintenance of healthy bacteria.

What is mass peristalsis?

The process that eliminates fecal material from the sigmoid and rectum.

What are the functions of salivary glands?

Secrete saliva which contains mucus and salivary amylase.

Where are the parotid glands located?

Anterior to the ears.

What is the function of the liver?

It produces bile and is involved in various metabolic processes.

What divides the liver into lobes?

The falciform ligament.

What does the gallbladder do?

Stores bile produced by the liver.

What is a pancreatic duct?

The duct through which enzymes and buffers pass from the pancreas.

What is the kidney's shape and location?

Bean-shaped and retroperitoneal.

What is renal fascia?

Outer layer of dense irregular connective tissue connecting kidneys to the abdominal wall.

What is the primary function of the ureters?

Transport urine to the urinary bladder.

What is the capacity of the urinary bladder?

700-800 ml during maximal capacity.

What is the difference in urethra length between males and females?

Females: 3-4 cm; Males: 20 cm long.

What factors affect urine volume?

Water intake, water loss, and hormones.

What is specific gravity in urine?

Weight of urine volume divided by weight of the same volume of distilled water.

What do normal urine characteristics include?

1 to 2 liters of volume, yellow color, aromatic odor, pH 4.6-8.0.

What is glucosuria indicative of?

Typically associated with diabetes.

What does hematuria indicate?

Presence of RBCs in urine, often due to inflammation or trauma.

What is the typical shape and function of the scrotum?

Pouch of loose skin that houses the testes and regulates temperature.

What do the testes produce?

Testosterone and sperm.

What role does the epididymis play?

Site of sperm maturation and storage.

What is the function of the ductus deferens?

Conveys sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.

What is the function of seminal vesicles?

Contribute fluids to semen, providing nourishment and facilitating sperm motility.

What is the prostate gland's function?

Produces a fluid that activates sperm and constitutes about 30% of semen volume.

What do bulbourethral glands secrete?

An alkaline mucus-mixed substance for lubrication.

What is the anatomical structure of the penis?

Cylindrical shaft composed of erectile tissue.

What is the role of the glans penis?

Protruding structure that expands at the end of the penis.

What do ovaries produce?

Oocytes and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.

What are the uterine tubes also known as?

Fallopian tubes.

What is the function of the infundibulum?

Captures the oocyte released from the ovary.

What layers make up the uterus?

Endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium.

What is the function of the cervix?

Passageway for menstrual blood and gateway for sperm.

What is the difference in the labia majora and labia minora?

Labia majora are larger and covered in hair, while labia minora are smaller and hairless.

What do mammary glands secrete?

Milk in females.

What surrounds the nipple and aids in breastfeeding?

Areola.

What do lactiferous ducts do?

Transport milk from alveoli to the nipple.