the us chine 4,5

Modernity

The pursuit of technological, political, economic, and social development.

Self-Strengthening Movement

Qing efforts to use Western technology while preserving Chinese institutions

Chinese essence, Western practice

Combining Chinese traditions with practical Western methods.

Nationalism

• Loyalty to and defense of a unified, sovereign Chinese nation.

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Anti-imperialism

Opposition to foreign political, military, and economic domination.

Self-determination

The principle that people should influence how and by whom they are governed.

May Fourth Movement

The 1919 nationalist protest that developed into a broader political and cultural movement.

New Culture Movement

An intellectual and cultural movement that sought to modernize China by transforming politics, education, language, ethics, and society.

Political Awakening

Chen Duxiu’s belief that ordinary people must become active citizens, participate in politics, and defend their rights.

Ethical Awakening

The replacement of Confucian hierarchy with freedom, equality, and independence.

Popular Sovereignty

The principle that political power belongs to the people, not an emperor, bureaucratic elite, political party, or individual leader.

“Mr. Democracy and Mr. Science”

Chen Duxiu’s symbols for two essential foundations of Chinese modernization:

Liberal democracy

constitutional government, rights, freedom, and elections

Marxism

class struggle, economic transformation, revolution, and anti-imperialism