UNIT 1

State Formation c

Various regions experienced state formation processes with continuity, innovation, and diversity, such as the emergence of new Islamic political entities dominated by Turkic peoples.

Song Dynasty of China

Utilized Confucianism and an imperial bureaucracy to maintain and justify its rule, emphasizing traditional methods and hierarchical societal structures.

Neo-Confucianism

Revival of Confucian philosophy in Song China, incorporating Buddhist and Daoist ideas, emphasizing filial piety, and relegating women to subordinate positions.

Imperial Bureaucracy

Governmental entities in China carrying out the emperor's will, staffed by qualified officials through the Civil Service Exam to ensure efficiency and competency.

Tang and Song Economy

Commercialization, iron and steel production, agricultural innovations like Champa Rice, transportation improvements, and the use of the magnetic compass in naval trade.

Abbasid Caliphate

Fragmentation led to the rise of new Islamic states dominated by Turkic peoples, showcasing continuity, innovation, and diversity in state systems.

Sufism

Spiritual version of Islam that allowed for more widespread practice, encouraging a personal experience of the faith.

Hinduism

Polytheistic belief system in South Asia, involving reincarnation and the caste system, promoting unity through diverse gods and the ultimate goal of reuniting with Brahman.

Mayans and Aztecs

Mesoamerican civilizations with decentralized structures, sophisticated writing systems, urban centers, and a focus on human sacrifice, showcasing continuity and diversity in state-building.

Swahili Civilization

Rose to prominence through trade near the Indian Ocean, featuring independent city-states, voluntary conversion to Islam, and influence on language and trade connections.