Class 2 - Theories of Development in Social Work

What is a theory?

A proposed explanation for observed phenomena; theories are generalizations.

What is a critique of Western developmental psychology theories?

They privilege Western, capitalist, individualistic, and male culture, which cannot be applied universally to other cultures.

What are the three structures of the mind according to Freud?

Id (instinctual desires), Superego (conscience), and Ego (rational decision-making).

What are the stages of Freud's psychosexual development?

Each stage has a pleasure center; fixation can occur if needs are not satisfied.

What is Erikson's Psychosocial Theory?

A stage theory emphasizing social experiences that shape self-image and society's view, with developmental crises at each stage.

What are the eight life stages in Erikson's theory?

1. Trust vs. Mistrust, 2. Autonomy vs. Shame, 3. Initiative vs. Guilt, 4. Industry vs. Inferiority, 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion, 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation, 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation, 8. Integrity vs. Despair.

What is Piaget's view on cognitive development?

Cognitive development involves fundamental changes in how we view the world, not just knowledge accumulation.

What is the role of assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's theory?

They produce cognitive structures that help organize and adapt to the world.

What does Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory emphasize?

The importance of social processes and interactions with adults in cognitive development.

What is the Information-Processing Theory?

It uses a computer model to describe how individuals manipulate, monitor, and strategize about information.

What is the focus of the Behavioral Approach in learning theory?

Only observable and measurable changes can be scientifically studied, viewing cognitive development as a result of learning.

What is classical conditioning according to Pavlov?

Learning by associating a neutral stimulus with an involuntary response.

What is Skinner's concept of operant conditioning?

Consequences of behavior influence future behavior through reinforcement and punishment.

What are the key components of Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory?

Modeling, observational learning, and self-efficacy.

What does Evolutionary Developmental Psychology focus on?

The biological and evolutionary basis of development, asking about the adaptive value of human traits.

What is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs?

A theory that prioritizes human needs in a hierarchical structure, from basic physiological needs to self-actualization.

What does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model emphasize?

Development is influenced by environmental systems, from micro to macro levels, including the chronosystem.

What is the Breath of Life Theory by Dr. Cindy Blackstock?

It emphasizes the interconnectedness of people with the universe and the importance of ancestral knowledge.

What is a critique of Erikson's theory?

Like Freud, it is based primarily on observation and lacks scientific support.

What is the Dynamic Systems Approach?

It posits that development is non-linear and shaped by the child, environment, and task.

What is the significance of transition periods in development?

They are times when children are more open to learning new abilities.

What is the main focus of contemporary approaches in developmental psychology?

Neuroscience and neuroplasticity, studying brain changes and compensations.

What is the importance of early development according to Freud?

Early experiences significantly shape personality development and adult behavior.

What is the role of language in Vygotsky's theory?

Language is crucial for cognitive development and social interaction.

What are the implications of the critiques of Freud's theories?

They highlight issues such as unscientific methods, male bias, and outdated ideas about gender.

What is the impact of cultural differences on developmental theories?

Cultural contexts can lead to different interpretations and applications of developmental theories.

How does the eclectic approach in social work apply to developmental theories?

It draws from multiple theories to inform practice and address diverse client needs.