OTD 341 Exam 1 - Intro

100 billion

About how many neurons are in the human nervous system?

True

The human nervous system contains approximately the same amount of glial cells as it does neurons. (True or false)

6

How many foundational principles of neuroanatomy are there?

dynamic systems theory, distributed control, adaptation, localization of function, phylogenetic layers, crossed representation

What are the 6 foundational principles of neuroanatomy

dynamic systems theory

• 1 of 6 foundational principles of neuroanatomy

• Any system, including the human nervous system, can be studied at various level of analysis (microscopic, mesoscopic, macroscopic); the levels of analysis are interactive and the system cannot be understood by studying only one level

microscopic

in dynamic systems theory, level of analysis of molecules and cells

mesoscopic

in dynamic systems theory, level of analysis of groups of cells linked together in various systems

macroscopic

in dynamic systems theory, level of analysis of a whole human interacting with their environment

distributed control

• 1 of 6 foundational principles of neuroanatomy

• at any one time, the nervous system coordinated many different activities

adaptation

• 1 of 6 foundational principles of neuroanatomy

• the human nervous system is able to change, which can lead to changes in behavior; it can be shaped by the environment

neuro-occupation

reciprocal relationship between nervous system and occupation (related to adaptation—one of six foundational principles of neuroanatomy)

localization of function

• 1 of 6 foundational principles of neuroanatomy

• particular structures in the nervous system can be loosely tied to particular functions

topographical organization

the brain can loosely be compared to a map; example of localization of function

Brodmann’s areas

classification system which uses numbers to label individual areas of cortex that are cellularly similar; example of localization of function

hemispheric specialization

each hemisphere of the brain is connected to some specific functions; example of localization of function

localization of function

Topographical organization, Brodmann’s areas, and hemispheric specialization are all examples of which foundational principle of neuroanatomy?

adaptation

Neuro-occupation is related to which foundational principle of neuroanatomy?

dynamic systems theory

Various levels of analysis (microscopic, mesoscopic, macroscopic) are associated with which foundational principle of neuroanatomy?

phylogenetic layers

• 1 of 6 foundational principles of neuroanatomy

• most newer parts of the brain are located at the top of our head, while more primitive parts are located deeper and lower

crossed representation

• 1 of 6 foundational principles of neuroanatomy

• for most sensory and motor functions, the left side of the brain functionally corresponds to the right side of the body and vice versa

neuroscience

the quest to understand the nervous system to advance the understanding of human thought, emotion, and behavior; includes development, chemistry, structure, function, and pathology

neuron

anatomical and functional unit of the nervous system consisting of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon

nerve fibers

What is the collective term for dendrites and axons?

white matter

tissue of the CNS rich with myelinated axons

gray matter

tissue of the CNS rich with neuronal cell bodies (nuclei)

glial cells, neuroglia, glia

non-neuronal cells

fissure

a deep sulcus

sulci

Two-thirds of the brain is found in _____. (gyri or sulci)

cortex

outer layer of an organ or body structure

nucleus (nuclei)

In the CNS, group(s) of functionally or structurally related cell bodies

ganglion (ganglia)

In the PNS, group(s) of functionally or structurally related cell bodies

tract, fasciculus (fasciculi), lemniscus (lemnisci), capsule, peduncle

In the CNS, group(s) of parallel axons

nerve, ramus (rami), root

In the PNS, group(s) of parallel axons

funiculus (funiculi), column

In the CNS, group(s) of several parallel tracts of fasciculi

commissure

In the CNS, groups of axons connecting one side of the CNS with the other

layer, lamina (laminae), stratum (strata)

in the CNS, group(s) of functionally related cells that form a layer

afferent

conducts information centrally (sensory)

efferent

conducts information peripherally (motor)

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body

contralateral

on the opposite side of the body

12

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

31

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

division of peripheral nervous system that innervates smooth muscles and glands and regulates homeostasis

somatic nervous system (SNS)

division of peripheral nervous system that innervates musculoskeletal tissue and skin

cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, brainstem

What are the 4 major anatomical parts of the brain?

cerebrum

Of the 4 major anatomical parts of the brain, which is the largest?

5

How many lobes comprise the cerebrum?

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, limbic

What are the 5 lobes that comprise the cerebrum?

gray

Cerebral cortex is comprised of ____ matter. (white or gray)