Chapter 13 quiz

Ureter

A duct that transports urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder

Ureteral

Pertaining to a ureter

Urinary bladder

A hollow muscular sac that serves as a reservoir for urine until it is excreted

Urethra

The duct for excreting urine from the body; it extends from the urinary bladder to the urethral meatus

Renal capsule aka fibrous capsule

A tough, protective, fibrous membrane that encapsulates a kidney

Renal cortex

The outer region of the kidney which contains ~1 million nephrons

Renal medulla

The middle/central region of the kidney which consists of the renal pyramids and renal columns

Renal sinus

The innermost region of the kidney, which is a hollow cavity that houses the renal calyces and the renal pelvis

Hilum

A structural indention on the medial border of a kidney where blood vessels, lymphatic vessels and nerves enter and exit the organ

Nephron

A microscopic structure that consists of a renal corpuscle (glomerulus and bowman’s capsule) and a renal tubule; the functional unit of a kidney; it produces urine by filtering waste and toxins and secreting and reabsorbing electrolytes, ions, and water from the blood

Glomerulus

A ball-shaped network of arterial capillaries encapsulated within a glomerular capsule

Renal tubule

A duct projecting from the glomerular capsule that consists of the convoluted proximal and distal tubules and the loop of Henle

Excretion

The condition or process of removing waste from the body or that which is excreted (waste)

Meatus

The external opening of a tubular canal or passageway; an entry into or exit out of the body

Parenchyma

The functional tissue of an organ; the cells which perform the organ’s primary function; cells that are not structural or supporting tissue

Suprarenal

Pertaining to above a kidney, such as the adrenal/suprarenal glands which are positioned on top of the kidneys

Sphincter

A ring-shaped muscle that surrounds a body opening; serves as a one-way valve that constricts to close an and relaxes to open and allow passage of contents

Voiding/urinating

The process of excreting urine

Filtration

The process of passing a liquid through a porous medium

Urinalysis (UA)

A laboratory test that analyzes the chemical, physical, and microscopic makeup of urine

PH

Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance, such as urine

Hematuria

Presence of blood in urine

Ketones

Energy compounds produced by the liver when it breaks down fats for energy

Ketonuria

Presence of ketones in urine

Glycosuria

Presence of glucose in urine

Pyuria

The presence of pus in urine; indicative of UTI or sexually transmitted infection

Anuria

A condition of no production or severely reduced urine production

Polyuria

Excessive production of urine; an increase in frequency and volume; most commonly associated with a persistent condition (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus or kidney disease)

Dysuria

Painful urination; pain, discomfort, or a burning sensation when urinating

Dys-

Bad, difficult , abnormal, painful

Urinary incontinence

Inability to prevent urinating - loss of bladder control

Stress incontinence

The leakage of urine when pressure is exerted on the bladder by coughing, laughing; straining from lifting a heavy item

Urge incontinence

A sudden, intense urge to urinate followed by an involuntary loss of urine

Nocturnal enuresis

Bed-wetting; urinary incontinence while asleep

Oliguria

Low/scanty urine production

Nephrolith

A calculus in a kidney, aka kidney stone

Stricture

Abnormal narrowing of a passageway

Flank

The lateral area of the anterior and posterior abdomen between the lowest rib and the hip’s lilac crest

Hydroephrosis

Distention of the renal pelvis due to urine building up within a kidney

Nephroma

Kidney tumor

Nephromalacia

Abnormal softening of a kidney

Nephromegaly

Abnormal enlargement of a kidney

Nephropathy

Any disease or damage of a kidney

Nephrosclerosis

Hardening of kidney tissue

Pyelonephritis

Inflammation/infection of the kidney and renal pelvis

Uremia

A buildup of nitrogenous waste in the blood because of kidney dysfunction

Ureteral stenosis

Abnormal narrowing of a ureter

Cystitis

Inflammation/infection of the urinary bladder

Urinary retention

The inability of the bladder to empty completely

Epispadias

The urethral meatus is located on the upper surface of the penis instead of the glans (distal tip of the penis)

Urethralgia

Pain in the urethra

Urethritis

Inflammation/infection of the urethra

Urethrostenosis aka urethral stenosis or urethral stricture

Abnormal narrowing of the urethra

Urologist

Branch of medicine/physician specializing in diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases/disorders of the urinary tract and the male reproductive system

Hemodialysis

Blood is drawn into a dialyzer to filter waste, toxins, and excess water from the blood

Peritoneal dialysis

A dialysis fluid is placed into the abdominal cavity where it draws waste products and excess fluid through the peritoneum, which acts as a filter

Nephroectomy

Surgical removal (to cut out) of a kidney

Endoscope

Instrument for viewing within an organ

Cystoscopy

Endoscopic viewing within the bladder

Urinary analgesic

A class of analgesics that provide symptomatic relief of bladder pain and pain during urination

Diuretic

An agent that increases the volume of urine production/output