APUSH-period 4

Embargo Act of 1807

Act passed by congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port. Improved U.S. manufacturing and paved the way for the Market Revolution but hurt the American economy.

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Replaced the Embargo Act and cut off trade with Great Britain and France only. Failed to address economic issues throughout the nation.

Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)

Spain ceded Florida to the United States and established the western border in the Louisiana Territory

Anglo-American Convention (1818)

Agreement w/ Great Britain and the U.S. for joint occupation of the Oregon country and by 1856 a new treaty established the U.S. possession of the territory below the 49th parallel (imaginary line that defines the Canada-United States border)

War of 1812

U.S. v. Britain. Caused by the Non-Intercourse Act and Britain refusing to evacuate their troops from fronts in the U.S frontier. The British continuing to practice Impressment.

Impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Ended the War of 1812. Declared a stalemate for both sides.

Era of Good Feelings, 1815-24

Period of strong nationalism, economic growth, territorial expansion under the presidency of James Monroe. Disappearance of the Federalist party.

Monroe Doctrine (1823)

an American foreign policy that stated anything in the Western hemisphere is the U.S. business and the Eastern hemisphere is European business.

Market Revolution

Drastic changes in transportation (canals, railroads), communication (telegraph), and the production of goods (economy went from agricultural to industrial + commercial)

The election of 1800

Jefferson elected; defeats Adams, first peaceful transfer of power that signaled that the republican system of gov could work amid political differences and disagreements.

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

significant land acquisition made by the United States from France in 1803, where the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of territory west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. doubled the size of the United States and played a crucial role in its westward expansion and development.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

1804-1806 Federally funded mission, commissioned by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana territory and find a water route to the Pacific Ocean

Universal white male suffrage

Laws that granted all adult white men the right to vote, irrespective of whether they owned property or paid a certain amount in taxes.

Declaration of Sentiments (1848)

Issued at the Seneca Falls convention. Modeled after the language and structure of the Declaration of Independence, it detailed the social, civil, and religious inequalities faced by women and demanded equal rights.

Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

First women's rights convention in American History. Issued "Declaration of Sentiments" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them. Led by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review a.k.a. only the court decides if a law is or isn't against the Constitution.

Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

Daniel Webster's address to senate, replying to Senator Haynes. Defending national unity against the southern doctrine of nullification as well as a defense of the supremacy of the government.

Burned-Over District

A region in western and central New York that was at the center of the Second Great Awakening

The American System, 1815

Economic plan by Henry Clay: national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements

American Colonization Society

Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks and slaves to Africa.

Tariffs of Abominations (1828)

Tariff that protects northern industry but harmed the south by taxing imported goods. Southerners opposed due to the raised prices on foreign goods. South threatens to secede if tariff is not nullified. Henry Clay comes up with a compromise tariff

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.

Evangelicalism

The trend in Protestant Christianity that stresses salvation through conversion, repentance of sin, and adherence to scripture; it also stresses the importance of preaching over ritual.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions.

Mormon Theology

New and progressive revelation restoring the pure church

Pragmatism

A philosophy which focuses only on the outcomes and effects of processes and situations.

Second National Bank (1816)

a federally chartered national bank created to stabilize the economy after the War of 1812, regulating currency, holding federal funds, and managing credit. Opposed by Andrew Jackson, he thought that it was unconstitutional and corrupt and in service only to the country's elite.

Aaron Burr

One of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, he tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made him Vice President.

John Marshall

American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.

Haitian Rebellion

The was the most successful slave revolt. Its leaders such as Toussaint l'Overture were inspired by the French Revolution's "Declaration of the Rights of Man." It was a factor in Napoleon selling the LA purchase.

Gabriel's Rebellion

An 1800 uprising planned by Virginian slaves to gain their freedom. The plot was led by a blacksmith named Gabriel, but was discovered and those involved were executed.

Barbary pirates/Battle of Tripoli

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

incident in 1807 that brought on a war crisis when the British warship Leopard attacked the American warship Chesapeake; the British demanded to board the American ship to search for deserters from the Royal Navy. When the U.S. commander refused, the British attacked, killing or wounding 20 American sailors. Four alleged deserters were then removed from the Chesapeake and impressed.

war hawks

Southerners and Westerners who were eager for war with Britain. They had a strong sense of nationalism, and they wanted to takeover British land in North America and expand.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

The U.S. Army defeated the Native Americans under Shawnee Chief Blue Jacket and ended Native American hopes of keeping their land that lay north of the Ohio River

Treaty of Greenville

Gave the United States claim to most Indian lands in the Northwest Territory.

Tecumseh

a famous chief of the Shawnee who tried to unite Indian tribes against the increasing white settlement (1768-1813)

Tenskwatawa (The Prophet)

Native American religious leader, brother of Shawnee chief Tecumseh, advocated for a return to traditional Native American ways and united various tribes against the encroachment of American settlers, he encouraged the rejection of European influences.

Gov. William Henry Harrison

Major General and commander of U.S. army, defeated British in Detroit, a war hawk, fought in the Battle of the Thames where Tecumseh was killed,

Battle of Tippecanoe

Battle between Americans and Native Americans. Tecumseh and the Prophet attempted to oppress white settlement in the West, but defeated by William Henry Harrison. Led to talk of Canadian invasion and served as a cause to the War of 1812.

Invasion of Canada/Battle of the Thames

a failed U.S. strategy to conquer British territory, while the Battle of the Thames (1813) was a major American victory within that campaign, securing the Northwest Territory, crippling Tecumseh's Native American confederacy, and boosting William Henry Harrison's career. The invasion aimed at weak British points but faltered due to poor planning, though the Thames battle proved a key success, leading to British retreat and Tecumseh's death, a turning point in the West.

Burning of Washington DC

Took place on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812 between the British Empire and the United States of America. British forces occupied Washington, D.C. and set fire to many public buildings following the American defeat at the Battle of Bladensburg

Battle of Fort McHenry/Star Spangled Banner

British bombing of Baltimore harbor was unsuccessful, which inspired the US national anthem by Francis Scott Key.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend/ Treaty of Fort Jackson

pivotal events during the War of 1812 era that ended the Creek War, propelled Andrew Jackson to national prominence, and resulted in the forced cession of vast amounts of Native American land, setting a precedent for the later Indian Removal Act.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party. These actions were largley viewed as traitorous to the country and lost the Federalist much influence

Battle of New Orleans

A battle during the War of 1812 where the British army attempted to take New Orleans. Due to the foolish frontal attack, Jackson defeated them, which gave him an enormous popularity boost.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State, He served as sixth president under Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the United States Florida in exchange for the United States dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly his work.

Jackson and First Seminole War

Andrew Jackson invaded spanish florida, attacking seminole villages and seizing forts.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Waltham-Lowell system

A system of labor using young women recruited from farm families to work in factories in Lowell, Chicopee, and other sites in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. The women lived in company boardinghouses with strict rules and curfews and were often required to attend church.

Samuel Slater

snuck British textile technology into the U.S., kick starting the Market Revolution.

Eli Whitney

Inventor of the cotton gin

Erie Canal

man-made waterway that connected the Hudson river to Lake Eerie, longest artificial waterway, enabled faster and cheaper transportation that connected the midwest to the Atlantic also making New York a major economic hub.

Commonwealth System

System where the government assists private corporations (usually in the form of charters). Justified by the belief that these corporations would develop the economy and thus improve the general welfare of the nation

revival meeting (camp meeting)

Evangelical protestant large outdoor gatherings with food, music, emotional preaching and communal worship to inspire spiritual renewal (conversion)

Unitarians

A Religious denomination which comes from the believe that God is a unity, not a trinity. emphasizing human reason, individual conscience, and the inherent goodness of humankind.

Utopian societies (Shakers, Oneida, New Harmony)

Communities attempting to create ideal societies that often were created from the second great awakening.

Hudson River School

American artistic movement that produced romantic renditions of local American landscapes.

New national identity develops

Post-revolutionary sense of a unique American culture, breaking from British tradition and finding a sense of individualism.

Benevolent Empire

Network of protestant reform societies that sought to bring back the moral government of God by eliminating the social ills and improving American society through Christian goals and values.

Charles Grandison Finney

A preacher during the Second Great Awakening, leading presbyterian and congregationalist minister. Known as the Father of Modern Revivalism.

Joseph Smith and Church of Latter Day Saints

founded the first mormon church during the second great awakening, published the book of mormon, led his followers through persecution and westward migration

Reform movements

Organized and voluntary efforts by citizens to improve the social, political, economic injustices and discrimination in America.

American Temperance Society

Organization group formed in Boston in 1826 as a part of the Temperance movement, aiming for the reduction/end of alcohol consumption.

Abolition movement

A pre-civil war movement that was a organized effort to end slavery and the slave trade. Things like the American Anti-Slavery Society, The Underground Railroad, The Liberator Newspaper and other political activism.

William Llyod Garrison

White abolitionist who published an anti-slavery newspaper called the liberator, calling from freedom for all slaves. Founder of American Anti-Slavery Society that had over 250K and 1,350 chapters throughout America.

Frederick Douglass

Escaped slave and great black abolitionist who fought to end slavery through political action

Sojourner Truth

Women's rights and abolitionist leader. After escaping slavery she became a lead orator and a crucial link between anti-slavery and women's rights.

Dorothea Dix

Prominent social reformer and advocate for the mentally ill. Led a movement to improve conditions for people with mental and physical disabilities.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Leader in the women's suffrage movement, organizing the Seneca Falls convention as well as authoring Declaration of Sentiments.

Grimke sisters

Quaker sisters Angelina and Sarah, abolitionists and women's rights advocates. Known for being one of the first white women to publicly speak against slavery in the south.

Susan B. Anthony

pioneering social reformer who played a pivotal role in the women's suffrage movement.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Supreme Court ruling (1819) establishing that the federal gov. has implied powers to create a national bank, states can't tax federal institutions and significantly boosting federal power.

notables

Northern landlords, slave-owning planters, and seaport merchants who dominated the political system.

political machine

highly organized, hierarchical urban political group that maintained political control through a system of patronage, bribery

spoils system

political practice where a victorious party would reward its supporters w/ jobs and favors

caucus

a meeting of members of a political party or faction to discuss, debate, and decide on policies, strategies, and the selection of candidates.

internal improvements

federal funded work projects, such as canals and roads, to develop the nation's transportation system

Corrupt Bargain/Election of 1824

loosing candidate Clay urged supporters to vote for Adams in exchange for a spot in Adams cabinate. This alleged deal fueled Jackson's populist movement, propelling him to victory in 1828 and signaling a shift in American politics.

Nullification Act

states' rights theory by John C. Calhoun that a state could declare federal laws unconstitutional and void within their borders, led to the nullification crisis.

Compromise Tariff of 1833

Legislative agreement between Henry Clay and John Calhoun that lowered tariffs gradually over a period of 10 years, resolving the nullification crisis

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Law that allowed the president to grant land west of the Mississippi River to Native Americans in exchange for their current ancestral homelands in the east of Mississippi.

Trail of Tears (1838)

Forced relocation of the Cherokees to Oklahoma.

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia/ Worcester v. Georgia

Addressed legal status of Native tribes and their relationship with state and federal gov.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States

Jackson's Veto message

Messaged issued by President Jackson to Congress where he refused to pass the bill to recharter the Second National Bank

Removal of deposits from Second National Bank

Jackson vetoed the new charter of the Second National Bank, he took all the funds from the national bank and deposited them into state banks.

"Pet banks"

Nickname given to the State banks elected by President Jackson to deposit all the federal funds from the Second National Bank

Whigs

Political Party led by Henry Clay. Favored the second national bank the American System; strong legislative branch

Specie Circular

Issued by Jackson - attempt to stop states from speculating land with money they printed that was not backed by anything - required land speculation in speci; Provided that in payment for public lands, the government would accept only gold or silver

Panic of 1837

A financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression

Martin Van Buren

Advocated lower tariffs and free trade, and by doing so maintained support of the south for the Democratic party. He succeeded in setting up a system of bonds for the national debt.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina Senator - advocate for state's rights, limited government, and nullification

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union.

Log Cabin campaign

It was a Whig party presidential campaign of William Henry Harrison in 1840. It portrayed Harrison as a simple man sprung from the people when in reality he was rich. It won Harrison the election. Campaigning among the masses.

John Tyler

Elected Vice President becoming the 10th President of the United States in 1841 when Harrison died. Political leanings were similar to the Democrats.

Panic of 1819

This was the first widespread economic crisis in the United States which brought deflation, depression, bank failures, and unemployment. This set back nationalism to more sectionalism and hurt the poorer class, which gave way to Jacksonian Democracy. End of the Era of Good Feelings

Force Act

Law that authorized President Jackson to use military force to enforce federal tariffs in South Carolina during the nullification crisis