LIPIDS (Hanggang Hydrogenation lang)

Lipids

= Organic molecules characterized by their solubility in non polar solvents such as ether, chloroform, and acetone

= hydrophobic

Lipids

= Function as energy storage, protection of organs, insulation, and absorption of vitamins

= Others are energy sources, hormones or vitamins

Store energy and develop new cell membranes in the body

Primary Function of Lipids

Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen, but have a much lower proportion of water than other molecules such as carbohydrates

Lipids are composed of elements such as

polymer

Lipids are not ______ because they lack a repeating monomeric unit

Glycerol and Fatty Acids

Lipids are made from two molecules namely

three carbon atoms with a hydroxyl group attached to it and hydrogen atoms occupying the remaining positions.

glycerol molecule is made up of

Hydrogen atom, such that there exist no C=C bonds

A fatty acid is saturated if every possible bond is made with a

Unsaturated Fatty Acids

contain C=C bonds.

Simple Lipids

Fatty Acid + Alcohol

Compound Lipids

Fatty Acid + Alcohol + Additional Group

Derived Lipids

Hydrolysis of simple/compound lipids

Miscellaneous Lipids

Possess characteristics of Lipids

Neutral Fats (Triacylglycerol)

tri-esters of fatty acids with glycerol.

Waxes

esters of fatty acids with higher monohydroxy aliphatic alcohols.

Cholesterol esters

esters of fatty acid with cholesterol

Vitamin A and Vitamin D esters

palmitic or stearic acids esters of Vit A (Retinol) or Vit D respectively.

Waxes

esters formed from long-chain carboxylic acids and long-alcohols.

Esters

organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen with acid by an alkyl or another organic group

Carnauba wax

valued for its toughness and water resistance(great for car wax).

Compound Lipids

Esters of fatty acids containing groups, other than, and in addition, to an alcohol and fatty acids

Esters

organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen with acid by an alkyl or another organic group

Phospholipids

- found chiefly in animal tissues.

- substituted fats containing in addition to fatty acid and glycerol, a phosphoric acid residue, a nitrogenous base and other substituents.

Phosphoacylglycerols

Membranes are chiefly made of phospholipids which are

Phosphoacylglycerols

lipids that contains a phosphate group

Animal Tissues

Phospholipids are found chiefly in

Phosphatidyl choline or serine

phosphatide linked to choline

lipotropic agent

important in fat metabolism and transport— are used as emulsifying agent in the food industry.

Cephalin

Occurs predominantly in nervous tissue

Phosphatidyl ethanolamine

phosphatide linkage to serine or ethanolamine

Plasmalogen

- found in brain, heart and muscle

Lipositol

found in brain, heart, kidneys and plant tissues together with phytic acid.

Phosphatidyl inositol

phosphatide linked to inositol.

Sphingomyelin

found in nervous tissue, brain and red blood cells.

Sphingomyelin

Sphingosine containing phosphatide

Sphingomyelin

yields fatty acids, choline, sphingosine, phosphoric acid and no glycerol.

Glycolipid

Lipids containing carbohydrate moiety

sphingosine or sphingol

Glycolipid contain a special alcohol called

Phosphoric acid or glycerol

Glycolipids does not contain phosphoric acid or glycerol

Cerebrocide / Glycosphingoside

found in myeline sheaths of nerves, brain and other tissues.

Cerebrocide / Glycosphingoside

hydrolysis yields sphingosine, galactose (or glucose) and fatty acids.

Ganglioside

Found in spleen

Ganglioside

contain a ceramide linked to hexose (glucose or galactose), neuraminic acid, sphingosine and fatty acids.

Sulfolipid

- found in white matter of brain, liver and testicle, also found in plant chloroplast.

Sulfolipid

sulphur-containing glycolipid

Aminolipids (Proteolipids)

found in brain and nerve tissue

Aminolipids (Proteolipids)

They are the complexes of protein and lipids.

Derived Lipids

Hydrolysis product of simple and compound lipids

fatty acid, glycerol, sphingosine and steroid derivatives.

Derive Lipids includes

Fatty Acid

vital constituent of lipids and is released during fasting from triacylglycerols to accommodate the energy requirements of the body

Fatty Acid

- a carboxylic acid

- either saturated, or unsaturated

-anoic

Saturated Fatty Acid suffix

-enoic

Polysaturated Fatty Acids suffix

Greek Letters

denote positions relative to the carboxyl carbon

C15H29COOH

Palmito-oleic acid Formula

C17H33C00H

Oleic Acid Formula

C17H31COOH

Linoleic Acid Formula

16: 1 - 9

Palmito-oleic acid symbol

18: 1 - 9

Oleic Acid Symbol

18: 2 9, 12

Linoleic Acid Symbol

Unsaturated

Fatty acids with carbon-carbon double bond are

double carbon bonding

Saturated Fatty acid lacks

single

Saturated Fatty Acids have a ____ C-C bonds

12-22

Saturated Fatty acids usually contains ______ Carbon atoms

15 - 50%

Palmitic acid makes up about ______ % of total fatty acids in fats

Tuberculo-stearic acid

occurs in the lipids of human tubercle bacilli

Saturated Fatty Acids

abundant in butter, animal fat, lard, coconut and peanut oil

Lauric Acid

CH3(CH2)10CO2H

Myristic acid

CH3(CH2)12CO2H

Palmitic Acid

CH3(CH2)14CO2H

Stearic Acid

CH3(CH2)16CO2H

Arachidic Acid

CH3(CH2)18CO2H

Vitamin E

Antioxidant Vitamin

Monounsaturated fatty acid

- can help reduce bad cholesterol levels in the blood

- Lowers the risk of heart disease and stroke

Monounsaturated fatty acid

- provides nutrients to help develop and maintain body’s cells

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid

• contain more than one double bond in their backbone

• give drying oils their characteristic property.

Essential Fatty Acids

Polyunsaturated fatty acids includes many important compounds, such as

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

can help reduce bad cholesterol levels in the blood which can lower your risk of heart disease and stroke

Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids

essential fats that your body needs but cannot produce

Linoleic acid series

(18 : 2; 9, 12)

Linoleic acid

contains two double bonds between C9 and C10; and between C12 and C13.

Linoleic acid

CnH2n–3 COOH.

Linoleic acid Dietary Source

present in sufficient amounts in peanut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, soyabean oil and egg yolk

Linolenic acid series

(18 : 3; 9, 12, 15)

Linolenic acid series

contains three double bonds between 9 and 10; 12 and 13; and 15 and 16.

Linolenic acid series

CnH2n–5 COOH.

Linolenic acid dietary source

Found frequently with linoleic acid, but particularly present in linseed oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, fish visceras and liver oil (cod liver oil).

Arachidonic acid

(20 : 4; 5, 8, 11, 14)

Arachidonic acid

contains four double bonds.

Arachidonic acid

CnH2n–7 COOH

Arachidonic acid dietary source

Found in small quantities with linoleic acid and linolenic acid but particularly found in peanut oil. Also found in animal fats including Liver fats.

Unsaturated Fatty acids

• have the Double C-C bond

• LIQUID at room temperature

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

found in oil from certain types of fish, vegetables, and other plant sources

not made by the body and must be consumed in the diet

Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

used together with diet and exercise to help lower triglyceride levels in the blood.

Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids

used for reducing the risk of heart disease

Reduce the risk of cancer

Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids

lower total cholesterol levels, lowering "bad" (LDL) cholesterol levels

raising "good" (HDL) cholesterol levels

Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids

family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position

the sixth bond, counting from the methyl end.

ADEK

Fat Soluble Vitamins

Steroids

The chemical messengers in our bodies are known as hormones which are organic compounds synthesized in glands and delivered by the bloodstream to certain tissues in order to stimulate or inhibit the desired process.

Steroids

type of hormone which is usually recognized by their tetracyclic skeleton, consisting of three fused