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Lipids
= Organic molecules characterized by their solubility in non polar solvents such as ether, chloroform, and acetone
= hydrophobic
Lipids
= Function as energy storage, protection of organs, insulation, and absorption of vitamins
= Others are energy sources, hormones or vitamins
Store energy and develop new cell membranes in the body
Primary Function of Lipids
Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen, but have a much lower proportion of water than other molecules such as carbohydrates
Lipids are composed of elements such as
polymer
Lipids are not ______ because they lack a repeating monomeric unit
Glycerol and Fatty Acids
Lipids are made from two molecules namely
three carbon atoms with a hydroxyl group attached to it and hydrogen atoms occupying the remaining positions.
glycerol molecule is made up of
Hydrogen atom, such that there exist no C=C bonds
A fatty acid is saturated if every possible bond is made with a
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
contain C=C bonds.
Simple Lipids
Fatty Acid + Alcohol
Compound Lipids
Fatty Acid + Alcohol + Additional Group
Derived Lipids
Hydrolysis of simple/compound lipids
Miscellaneous Lipids
Possess characteristics of Lipids
Neutral Fats (Triacylglycerol)
tri-esters of fatty acids with glycerol.
Waxes
esters of fatty acids with higher monohydroxy aliphatic alcohols.
Cholesterol esters
esters of fatty acid with cholesterol
Vitamin A and Vitamin D esters
palmitic or stearic acids esters of Vit A (Retinol) or Vit D respectively.
Waxes
esters formed from long-chain carboxylic acids and long-alcohols.
Esters
organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen with acid by an alkyl or another organic group
Carnauba wax
valued for its toughness and water resistance(great for car wax).
Compound Lipids
Esters of fatty acids containing groups, other than, and in addition, to an alcohol and fatty acids
Esters
organic compound made by replacing the hydrogen with acid by an alkyl or another organic group
Phospholipids
- found chiefly in animal tissues.
- substituted fats containing in addition to fatty acid and glycerol, a phosphoric acid residue, a nitrogenous base and other substituents.
Phosphoacylglycerols
Membranes are chiefly made of phospholipids which are
Phosphoacylglycerols
lipids that contains a phosphate group
Animal Tissues
Phospholipids are found chiefly in
Phosphatidyl choline or serine
phosphatide linked to choline
lipotropic agent
important in fat metabolism and transport— are used as emulsifying agent in the food industry.
Cephalin
Occurs predominantly in nervous tissue
Phosphatidyl ethanolamine
phosphatide linkage to serine or ethanolamine
Plasmalogen
- found in brain, heart and muscle
Lipositol
found in brain, heart, kidneys and plant tissues together with phytic acid.
Phosphatidyl inositol
phosphatide linked to inositol.
Sphingomyelin
found in nervous tissue, brain and red blood cells.
Sphingomyelin
Sphingosine containing phosphatide
Sphingomyelin
yields fatty acids, choline, sphingosine, phosphoric acid and no glycerol.
Glycolipid
Lipids containing carbohydrate moiety
sphingosine or sphingol
Glycolipid contain a special alcohol called
Phosphoric acid or glycerol
Glycolipids does not contain phosphoric acid or glycerol
Cerebrocide / Glycosphingoside
found in myeline sheaths of nerves, brain and other tissues.
Cerebrocide / Glycosphingoside
hydrolysis yields sphingosine, galactose (or glucose) and fatty acids.
Ganglioside
Found in spleen
Ganglioside
contain a ceramide linked to hexose (glucose or galactose), neuraminic acid, sphingosine and fatty acids.
Sulfolipid
- found in white matter of brain, liver and testicle, also found in plant chloroplast.
Sulfolipid
sulphur-containing glycolipid
Aminolipids (Proteolipids)
found in brain and nerve tissue
Aminolipids (Proteolipids)
They are the complexes of protein and lipids.
Derived Lipids
Hydrolysis product of simple and compound lipids
fatty acid, glycerol, sphingosine and steroid derivatives.
Derive Lipids includes
Fatty Acid
vital constituent of lipids and is released during fasting from triacylglycerols to accommodate the energy requirements of the body
Fatty Acid
- a carboxylic acid
- either saturated, or unsaturated
-anoic
Saturated Fatty Acid suffix
-enoic
Polysaturated Fatty Acids suffix
Greek Letters
denote positions relative to the carboxyl carbon
C15H29COOH
Palmito-oleic acid Formula
C17H33C00H
Oleic Acid Formula
C17H31COOH
Linoleic Acid Formula
16: 1 - 9
Palmito-oleic acid symbol
18: 1 - 9
Oleic Acid Symbol
18: 2 9, 12
Linoleic Acid Symbol
Unsaturated
Fatty acids with carbon-carbon double bond are
double carbon bonding
Saturated Fatty acid lacks
single
Saturated Fatty Acids have a ____ C-C bonds
12-22
Saturated Fatty acids usually contains ______ Carbon atoms
15 - 50%
Palmitic acid makes up about ______ % of total fatty acids in fats
Tuberculo-stearic acid
occurs in the lipids of human tubercle bacilli
Saturated Fatty Acids
abundant in butter, animal fat, lard, coconut and peanut oil
Lauric Acid
CH3(CH2)10CO2H
Myristic acid
CH3(CH2)12CO2H
Palmitic Acid
CH3(CH2)14CO2H
Stearic Acid
CH3(CH2)16CO2H
Arachidic Acid
CH3(CH2)18CO2H
Vitamin E
Antioxidant Vitamin
Monounsaturated fatty acid
- can help reduce bad cholesterol levels in the blood
- Lowers the risk of heart disease and stroke
Monounsaturated fatty acid
- provides nutrients to help develop and maintain body’s cells
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
contain more than one double bond in their backbone
give drying oils their characteristic property.
Essential Fatty Acids
Polyunsaturated fatty acids includes many important compounds, such as
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
can help reduce bad cholesterol levels in the blood which can lower your risk of heart disease and stroke
Omega-6 and Omega-3 Fatty Acids
essential fats that your body needs but cannot produce
Linoleic acid series
(18 : 2; 9, 12)
Linoleic acid
contains two double bonds between C9 and C10; and between C12 and C13.
Linoleic acid
CnH2n–3 COOH.
Linoleic acid Dietary Source
present in sufficient amounts in peanut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, soyabean oil and egg yolk
Linolenic acid series
(18 : 3; 9, 12, 15)
Linolenic acid series
contains three double bonds between 9 and 10; 12 and 13; and 15 and 16.
Linolenic acid series
CnH2n–5 COOH.
Linolenic acid dietary source
Found frequently with linoleic acid, but particularly present in linseed oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, fish visceras and liver oil (cod liver oil).
Arachidonic acid
(20 : 4; 5, 8, 11, 14)
Arachidonic acid
contains four double bonds.
Arachidonic acid
CnH2n–7 COOH
Arachidonic acid dietary source
Found in small quantities with linoleic acid and linolenic acid but particularly found in peanut oil. Also found in animal fats including Liver fats.
Unsaturated Fatty acids
have the Double C-C bond
LIQUID at room temperature
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
found in oil from certain types of fish, vegetables, and other plant sources
not made by the body and must be consumed in the diet
Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
used together with diet and exercise to help lower triglyceride levels in the blood.
Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
used for reducing the risk of heart disease
Reduce the risk of cancer
Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids
lower total cholesterol levels, lowering "bad" (LDL) cholesterol levels
raising "good" (HDL) cholesterol levels
Omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids
family of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have in common a final carbon-carbon double bond in the n-6 position
the sixth bond, counting from the methyl end.
ADEK
Fat Soluble Vitamins
Steroids
The chemical messengers in our bodies are known as hormones which are organic compounds synthesized in glands and delivered by the bloodstream to certain tissues in order to stimulate or inhibit the desired process.
Steroids
type of hormone which is usually recognized by their tetracyclic skeleton, consisting of three fused
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