Anatomy and physiology test

Granulation Tissue

New, fragile connective tissue and blood vessels that form during wound healing.

Sebum Production (Aging)

Decreases with age, leading to drier, more brittle skin.

Protection

A key skin function; protects from abrasion, UV light, microorganisms, and reduces water loss.

Sensation

A key skin function; contains receptors for temperature, pressure, pain, and touch.

Vitamin D Production

A key skin function; skin cells produce Vitamin D when exposed to UV light.

Temperature Regulation

A key skin function; achieved through vasodilation/vasoconstriction of blood vessels and sweating.

Inflammatory Response

A localized tissue response to injury; characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Histamine

A chemical released by mast cells that causes vasodilation and increased capillary permeability during inflammation.

Puncture

A wound caused by a penetrating object

Excretion

A key skin function; the removal of small amounts of water, salts, and urea through sweat.

Cytokine

A type of protein secreted by cells that signals and regulates the immune response.

Edema

Swelling caused by fluid accumulating in tissue spaces due to increased capillary permeability.

Scab

A hardened layer of blood clot and tissue fluid that covers and protects a wound.

Abrasion

A wound where the skin is rubbed or scraped away.

Laceration

A ragged tear in the skin

Incision

A clean, sharp cut from a sharp object.

Aging (Collagen/Elastin Loss)

With age, collagen fibers decrease and elastic fibers lose elasticity, leading to wrinkles

Melanocyte Activity (Aging)

Decreases with age, leading to gray hair and pale skin with atypical pigmentation.

Age/Liver Spots

Patches of accumulated melanin on the skin due to aging and sun exposure.

ABCDE Rule

A method for diagnosing melanoma: Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter (>6mm), Evolving.

Asymmetry (A)

When half of a mole does not match the other half.

Border (B)

When the border of a mole is ragged, notched, or blurred.

Color (C)

When the color of a mole is not uniform and may have shades of brown, black, pink, red, or white.

Diameter (D)

If the diameter of a mole is larger than a pencil eraser (6mm).

Evolving (E)

A mole that changes in size, shape, or color over time.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

The most common (78%) and least malignant form of skin cancer; arises in the stratum basale and rarely metastasizes.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A less common (20%) skin cancer that arises from keratinocytes; can metastasize if not treated.

Malignant Melanoma

The rarest (2%) but most deadly form of skin cancer; arises from melanocytes and metastasizes rapidly.

First-Degree Burn

A superficial burn affecting only the epidermis; characterized by redness, pain, and minor swelling.

Second-Degree Burn

A partial-thickness burn affecting the epidermis and upper dermis; characterized by blisters, severe pain, and redness.

Third-Degree Burn

A full-thickness burn destroying both the epidermis and dermis; characterized by a leathery, brown/black, and often painless (due to nerve damage) appearance.

Rule of Nines

A method used to estimate the Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) affected by burns

Total Body Surface Area (TBSA)

The percentage of the body covered by burns, used to determine severity and treatment.