Upper Extremity Anatomy and Physiology Review

Vocabulary flashcards for reviewing upper extremity anatomy, muscles, nerves, and overall function.

Pectoral Girdle Function

Attaches the upper limb to the axial skeleton, provides attachment points for muscles of the UE, and is very light, allowing for mobility.

Clavicle

Commonly called the collarbone, this bone braces the arm laterally away from the thorax and transmits compression forces from the UE to the axial skeleton.

Conoid Tubercle

Ligament to scapula on the inferior clavicle.

Scapulae

Thin, triangular flat bones lying on the dorsal surface of the rib cage between ribs 2-7.

Glenoid Cavity

Lateral aspect of the scapula that articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint.

Coracoid Process

Projection ONLY on the anterior, superior scapular border that anchors the biceps of the arm.

Humerus

Typical long bone, the largest and longest bone of the UE, articulating with the scapula at the shoulder and with the radius and ulna at the elbow.

Surgical Neck

Frequently fractured portion of the humerus.

Intertubercular Sulcus (Bicipital Groove)

Guides the tendon of the biceps to the attachment point at the rim of the glenoid cavity.

Trochlea

Medial side of the distal humerus that articulates with the ulna.

Capitulum

Lateral side of the distal humerus that articulates with the radius.

Coronoid Fossa

Located superior to the trochlea on the anterior surface, this is an articulation for the ulna when the elbow is flexed.

Olecranon Fossa

Located superior to the trochlea on the posterior surface of the humerus.

Radius

Bone which is thin at the proximal end and wide distally; it articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna.

Radial Tuberosity

Anchors the biceps muscle inferior to the head of the radius.

Ulnar Notch

Expanded distally, this part of the radius articulates with the ulna medially.

Ulna

Bone that is wide at the proximal end and thin distally; it primarily forms the elbow joint with the humerus.

Olecranon Process

Posterior process of the ulna that 'locks' into the olecranon fossa when fully extended to prevent hyperextension and forms the angle of the elbow when flexed.

Trochlear Notch

Deep cavity between the olecranon and coronoid processes that articulates with the trochlea.

Interosseous Membrane

Flat, flexible ligament running the entire length of both the radius and ulna, connecting the two bones together.

Colles' fracture

Fracture which is a break in the distal radius, common in the arm.

Carpals

Eight short bones of the wrist closely united by ligaments that allow for gliding movements.

Metacarpals

Radiate from the wrist like spokes to form the palm of the hand (metacarpus).

Phalanges

Numbered 1-5 like metacarpals, these are the bones of the fingers/digits.

Articular Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage on the end of bone surfaces within synovial joints.

Ligaments

Connective tissue connecting bone to bone.

Plane Joint

Joint where surfaces are flat and allow gliding, like in intercarpal and intertarsal regions.

Glenohumeral joint

Large head of humerus fits into the shallow head of glenoid cavity.

Coracoacromial Ligament

Attaches the coracoid process to the acromion process.

Coracohumeral Ligament

Attaches the coracoid process to the humerus.

Subacromial Impingement

Entrapment of the bursa or tendon when raising arm overhead.

Lateral Collateral Ligament

Fan-shaped ligament that extends from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the annular ligament and olecranon process, protecting against distraction of the joint.

Annular Ligament

Closely binds the radial head to the ulna so they move together.

Interosseous Membrane

Broad, collagenous sheet that connects the middle ¾ of the radius and ulna and so serves to stabilize the full length of the articulation between these bones.

Flexor Retinaculum

Prevents bowstringing of the wrist.

Extrinsic musculature

Tendons from extrinsic muscles that terminate in the hand.

Longitudinal arch

Curves from wrist to fingertips to create the curved effect on the hand.

Thumb Carpometacarpal (CMC)

Articulation point between the trapezium and base of 1st metacarpal.

Function of scapula

Action of the function of the scapula that orients the glenoid fossa for maximal use of UE and provides a stable base for ball and socket movements of the glenohumeral joint.

Horizontal adduction

Moving shoulder in transerve plane.

Trapezius

Flat and triangular, this muscle adducts the scapula (moves it towards the spine) and its upper fibers elevate the scapula, while lower fibers depress the scapula.

Rhomboid major

Muscle that adducts, downwardly rotates, and elevates the scapula.

Latissimus dorsi (lats)

Broad, flat, triangular muscle of the lower back; also known as the Swimmer’s muscle.

Pectoralis Major

Thick fan shaped muscle that contributes to extension and internal rotation, makes up bulk of chest muscles and lies under breast.

Serratus Anterior

Abducts and stabilizes scapula against ribcage.

Teres major

Thick rounded muscle that contributes to the posterior wall of the axilla.

Rotator Cuff Muscles

Reinforces the shoulder capsule, preventing dislocation of the humerus.

Deltoid

Thick, multipennate muscle that forms the rounded shoulder muscle mass.

Biceps brachii

Most powerful supinator of the forearm.

Triceps branchii

Large fleshy muscle that is the prime mover for elbow extension.

Brachialis

Prime mover for elbow flexion; pulls the ulna as the biceps pulls the radius.

Common Flexor Tendon

Helps us flex our fingers and flex and medial muscle in Anterior Forearm.

Common Extensor Tendon

Extend and lateral muscle in Postserior muscles.

Pronator Teres

Muscle that assists with forearm pronation.

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Prime movers for wrist flexion.

ECRL

Lateral Epicondyle to the 2nd metacarpal and Assists with wrist extension and abduction (radial deviation).

SupinatorR

Posterior aspect of elbow and Assists biceps with supination – forceful supination.

Muscles in Hand

These muscles, needed for fine motor skills, include named Pollicis thenar eminence and Digiti Minimi hypothenar eminence.

Mid palmar Impaired lumbricals

Worm-shaped muscles in the palm that flex fingers at MCP and Extend fingers at Interphalangeal joints.

Brachial Plexus

Nerves that stimulate contractions of the muscles of the upper limb.

Brachi

Inneravtes muscles move the bone.

Dorsal Root

Carrys sensory info , inneravtes ventral ramus.

Ventral Root

Motor infor , inneravtes front limbs.

Roots

Roots : C5- innervates deltoid.

Long thoracic nerve

Combination of C5, C6. C7 and stabilzesthe scapula and protracts it.

Brachiocephalic

Known as blood to arm and hip on the right side of the body.

BrachialArtery

Crosses over the elbow and divides into raidal and ulnar parrelly Link up again and join to create palmar archs.

Circumflex humeral art.

Enters the axilla and passes to the Humerus.

Cephalic Vein

Blood vessel, Along lateral arm and runs towards shoulder.

Cubital Fossa

Contains the brachial artery which is used in determining blood pressure.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Compression of median nerve due to inflammation of flexor tendons (overuse).

Epicranius

Around brain-Give us facial expression and innervate by (CN VII).

Zygomatic Major

Smile muscles and uses more muscles than a frown.

Buccinator

Protective mechinaisms- baby knows how to suck, how to get nutrition- Helps move front and back.

CLOSES JAW AND ELEVATES IT BOTH TEMP AND MASS

Tempoarlis and Massater helps chew jaw and elevates it.

Lateral Pterygoid

Move front and back, grinder lateral.

Hyoglossus

Pull tongue back and out from bone.

Stenocleidomastoid

Allows for lateral flexion and INSERTS IN SKULL and originats from the manubrium of sternum and medial portion of clavicle.

Extends our neck

Extends our unilateral neck.

Back Muscles

Helps us extend and rotate and extend our back Prime mover for back extension and controls forward flexion.

Longissimus Muscles

Keeps our throacic cage up, runs to our neck by slips from the lumbar region to the skull.

Stretch Injured without bending the knees

Connectivness allows us to be in stable spine to move and posture with pelvis.

External intercostal muscles-

allows for expansion and flares of rib cage (DRAWS AIR IN) and the fibres make an X comeing from top.

Dia Phragm

Like a parachute - Like a parachute

Abdominal Muscles

Help us flex and get up with oblique help us support and stabilise.

Respiratory System

Main purpose: Supplying O2 from the body’s cells Returns to the atmosphere the carbon dioxide and also warms and moistens.

Upper: “Conducting Zone”

All respiratory passageways where its Cleanse, humidify and warm incoming air also trapping bad air.

Nose

Secretes mucus, to trap foreign debris that's getting into the lungs and sweep debris

Pharynx

Carries air water, milk, food etc all pass through the pharynx and lead to eosphagas to lungs

Nasopharynx

Air -Only as an air passageway because it is superior to oral cavity,Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids).

Oropharynx,

Posterior to the oral cavity and continues to the throat. Both food and air pass through he pairs lie in the Oropharynx.

Larynx

“Voice Box” provide open airway by creating a switching mechanism for food and air to pass the correct directions (like a train track) and Houses the vocal cords for avoid production (CN IX and X).

Trachea

Air passageway – continues to clean, warm, and moisten air in the mediastinum (central thorax).

Bronchial Tree

Air Passageways into the lungs.Left and Right Primary Main branches up to 23 times with exchange in Alveoli sacx, city lungs is black.

Pleura layers

Thin, double-layered sac surrounding the lungs and the Parietal pleura cover. Visceral pleura touches the lung.

Urinary System:

Filter 200 liters of fluid every day Cleans blood of toxic waste and Converts waste into urine and eliminates with Kidneys Ureter and bladder.

Adrenal gland

Sit on top of kidney, related to adreniline for figt and light

Hilus

Space for vessels Tubes carrying urine, nerves, lymph, and blood vessels enter and leave here.Specific tissue

Nephrons

structural unit of kidney, where the blood flitering

Affrent and Effernt

Go into Capillaries to serve the tissues of the kidney Then reform into venules