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Lavoisier

Founder of the "science of nutrition" (1743-1794)

Nutrition

A science which deals with processes by which an animal takes in and utilizes food substances through various chemical reactions and physiological processes

Nutrient

A food substance, or a group of food, substances of similar chemical composition, which aids in the support of animal life

Need for nutrients

Maintenance, Growth, Production, Reproduction, and Work

Gastrointestinal tract functions

digestion, absorption, protection (expands from mouth to anus)

Functions of the GI tract

Remove undigested, material and waste immunological function, Endocrine function.

Monogastric animals

Chickens, pigs, turkeys, dogs, cats

Ruminant animals

Beef, cattle dairy, cattle goats, sheep deer

Hind gut fermenter animals

Horses, rabbits, ostrich

Digestion

Conversion of complex nutrients into absorbable form

Absorption

Digested nutrients cross cellular membrane of the G.I. tract

3 structures of mouth

Teeth, tongue, salivary glands

Mastication

Breaking down of feed into smaller particles for digestion

Esophagus

Transports food from mouth to stomach or rumen

Cardiac sphincter

Valve at the junction of stomach that prevents regurgitation of feed

3 segments of small intestine

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Small intestine

Major site of digestion and absorption

A major source of enzymes

Pancreatic gland

Villi

Increase the surface area for nutrient absorption in the small intestine.

Bile

Made in liver, stored in gallbladder, active in small intestine, aid in digestion

3 segments of large intestine

Cecum, colon, rectum

Most water abrogation happens here

Small colon

Rumen

Large fermentation vat, rely on microbes, >60% digestion here, production of AA, microbial protien, VFA, B vitamins

Rumination

Process of regurgitating previously chewed feed

Eructation

Belching of gas that is produced from fermentation

Rumen microbes

Wide variety of species include bacteria, protozoa, fungi, bacteria make up over 75% of rumen microbes

Amylolytic microbe

Starch digesters

Cellulolytic microbe

Fiber digesters

Reticulum

Honeycomb shaped structure, interacts with rumen to begin mixing process, filters and collects hardware

Omasum

Smallest in size, largest in surface area, prevents flow of large particles and helps with particle breakdown by grinding, absorption of water and maybe VFA's. Called many plies or leaves of bible

Abomasum

True stomach contains HCI acid and gastric juices. Some digestion mainly CHO's largest compartment at birth.

Ruminants structure

Monogastrics have this

Simples stomach digestion is carried out by enzymes/hormones, acid secreted into the G.I. tract, extensive small and large intestine systems.

Carnivore

Eat strictly meat

Omnivore

Eat meat and plant material

Stomach (monogastric)

Non-compartmentalized stores, ingested, feed, churning activity, mixes enzymes with food.

Non-glandular

Not protected from stomach acid, no mucus

2 types of hind gut fermentors

Highly utilizes cecum (rabbits), highly utilizes large colon (horses)

Horse digestive tract

Poultry digestive tract

Crop

Food enters here acts as a temporary storage site food is moistened

Proventriculus

Acts as the true stomach in birds, hydrochloric acid and enzymes are released to begin digestion process.

Gizzard

Muscular organ with tough lining performs, the same function as teeth

Cloaca

Common chamber that combines digestive urinary and reproductive tract

Protien is broken down into..

Amino acids

Carbs are broken down into

VFA, sugars, starch

Fats are broken down into

Triglycerides

Factors that affect nutrient requirements

Stage of growth, size of animal, disease, species, dietary history, environment, hereditary, activity, imbalanced diet.

Classes of nutrition

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water

Carbohydrates

Main source of energy for most animals. Carbon hydrogen, and oxygen primary component in most feedstuffs.

Simple CHO

Known as non-structural. (NSC) Easier to digest. Mainly starches, simple sugars, organic acids. grains are a great source of simple CHO.

Primarily formed during photosynthesis

Carbs

Glucose

Where CHO is absorbed in the small intestine

Glycogen

Excess stored in the muscles and liver

Carb sources

Grains (corn, oats, barley, wheat) hay (native grass, alfalfa, clover and orchard grass), silage (corn or grass), pasture.

Protein

Highest constituent within the body next to water, made up of AA, chemically carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

When is protein requirement highest

Young animals

Essential AA

Non ruminants-must be provided in diet. Ruminant-synthesized in rumen

Non-essential AA

Needed by both, synthesized by body from other AA, don't have to be provided in diet.

Protein functions

Muscle, collagen, elastin, keratin, blood

Protein sources

Plant; alfalfa hay, soy beans. Animal; blood meal, fish meal

Fats

Made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but unlike carbs they are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. Solid at room temp, oil is liquid at room temp

What supplies more energy carbs or fats

Fats, 2.25x more energy than carbs

Saturated fatty acids

Animal fat, coconut oil, palm oil. Solid at room temp

Unsaturated fatty acids

Corn oil, soybean oil. Liquid at room temp

What is the digestibility for fats

Exceeds 80%

Fat sources

Plant; oil seeds. Animal; beef tallow, lard, chicken grease

Minerals

Inorganic, solid, crystalline chemical element, ash, makes up 3 to 5% of the animals, dry body weight,

Macrominerals

Present needed in great amounts. Ex; calcium, I'm down for I'm done for phosphorus, sodium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, Sulphur,

Microminerals

Needed in small amounts. Ex; cobalt., copper, fluorine, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium, zinc.

Mineral functions

Skeletal formation, protein synthesis, oxygen transport, fluid balance, acid base balance, enzyme systems, mineral, vitamin interactions.

Mineral sources

Forage, grains, trace mineral package

Vitamins

Organic substances that are essential in small amounts for health growth, reproduction, and maintenance of all species.

Vitamin Classification

Fat-soluble, (A,D,E,K) Water-soluble (B and C)

Fat-soluble

Stored in the body, the greater the intake, the greater the storage.

Water-soluble

B complex distributed in all living tissue not stored in the body in any great amount need to be supplied.

Water

Most vital nutrient, lose 10% results in death

Functions of water

Transports, nutrients, maintain body temperature, excretion of waste, lubrication and solvent in many body processes

Beef cattle and horse water needs

10-20 gals/day

Dairy cattle water needs

10-90 gals/day

Sheep/goat water needs

1-5 gals/day

Swine water needs

1-3 gals/day

Poultry water needs

2:1 water to dry feed ratio

Diet formulation

Water, energy (CHO, Fats, Protein), protein, minerals, vitamins.

Artificial reproduction technologies

Timed breeding, embryo collection, artificial insemination, in vitro, production of embryos, embryo transfer, sexed embryos in semen.

Female major reproductive structures

Ovary, oviduct, uterus, cervix, vagina.

Follicle

the sac in the ovary in which the egg develops

Corpus Luteum

empty ovarian follicle that secretes progesterone after release of the egg cell. Forms to support pregnancy

Ovulation

Expulsion of ova/oocyte from follicle

Oviduct

Fallopian tube; tube that carries eggs from an ovary to the uterus

Oviduct functions

Catches over after ovulation infundibulum section covered in fimbria.

Where do the sperm and egg meet

ampulla-isthmus

When does an embryo develop

As it passes through isthmus before it is ready to attach to lining of uterus

Uterus structure

Suspended freely within the abdominal of the most livestock species, most have a small, uterine body with the terminus of uterine tubes. (Horns)

Uterus function

Gestates offspring, pregnancy

Gestation

Growth and development of offspring in uterus

Endometrium

Embryo attaches to lining of uterus.

Myometrium

Muscular layer surrounding uterus, capable of great change and size

Cervix structure

Thick connective tissue, thick tissue is organized into rings or folds with a central canal, continuous with uterus.

Cervix function

Sperm, enter female reproductive system here in most species, secretes mucus for sperm, transport, or pathogen blockage.