DRE School

In the 2014-2015 National Roadside Survey of alcohol and Drug use by drivers study, approximately ___% of drivers tested positive for at least One drug.

22%

What is the technical term for an unusually slow pulse rate?

Bradycardia

What is the technical term for an abnormal pulse rate rhythm?

Arrhythmia

Define “Pulse”

Rhythmic dilation and relaxation of an artery that results from the beating of the heart

Define what a “symptom” is during a DRE evaluation

A subjective indicator of drug influence reported by the drug-impaired subject

Define what a “sign” is during a DRE evaluation

An observable or detectable indicator of drug influence

Which artery carries un-oxygenated blood from the heart?

Pulmonary Artery

Which artery carries oxygen rich blood from the heart?

Systemic Arteries

Finish this equation —> BAC = 50 - _______

Angle of Onset

Which of the following DRE drug categories usually cause HGN?

CNS Depressants

CNS Stimulants

Hallucinogens

Narcotic Analgesics

Cannabis

CNS Depressants

What drug categories usually cause lack of convergence?

CNS Depressants,

Dissociative Anesthetics

Inhalants

Cannabis

Besides CNS Depressants, what other DRE drug category usually causes a lowering of the pulse rate and blood pressure?

Narcotic Analgesics

List the twelve steps for a DRE Evaluation

Breath Alcohol Screening Test

Interview of Arresting Officer

Preliminary Examination (First Pulse)

Eye Exams

Divided Attention Tests

Vital Signs (Second Pulse)

Dark Room Examination

Muscle Tone

Injection Sites (Third Pulse)

Subject Statements

Opinion of Evaluator

Toxicological Exam

List the 10 Systems of the human body

Muscular

Urinary

Respiratory

Digestive

Endocrine

Reproductive

Skeletal

Integumentary

Nervous

Circulatory

What is the Expected Range of pupils in Direct Light?

2.0 mm - 4.5 mm

What is the Expected Range of pupils in Normal Room Lighting?

2.5 mm - 5.0 mm

What is the DRE Expected Range for Body Temperature?

98.6° ± 1°F

Which of the following drugs usually causes HGN?

Methamphetamine

Clonazepam

Peyote

Marijuana

Cocaine

Clonazepam

Subject under the combined influence of PCP and Xanax.

You observe subject exhibiting HGN.

This is an example of the ________ effect

Additive

What is the DRE Expected Range for a Diastolic reading?

70-90 mm/Hg

What is the DRE Expected Range for a systolic reading?

120-140 mm/Hg

What is the Technical Term for Constricted pupils?

Miosis

What does Hg stand for?

Mercury (Hydrargyrum)

The Autonomic Nervous Sub-System has _______ nerves and ________ nerves.

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

What is the upper number called in a blood pressure measurement?

Systolic

(Max force occurring during contraction)

Which of the following is not a drug from the Hallucinogen drug category?

Ecstasy

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

Peyote

Psilocybin

Marinol

Marinol

(Cannabis)

Xanax is an example of a ______-_______ depressant

Sedative-hypnotic

Fentanyl is an example of a ______ ________ Narcotic Analgesics

Synthetic Opioid

Which categories of drugs usually will cause LOC?

CNS Depressants

Dissociative Anesthetics

Inhalants

Cannabis

Does Cocaine and Amphetamines produce the same effects?

Yes

(both are CNS Stimulants)

How long would it take a 175lb man to “burn off” a 12oz beer?

1.5 Hours

At what rate does a BAC drop?

0.015/hour

What enzyme aids with the metabolism of alcohol?

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

Which organ does most of the metabolism of the alcohol?

The Liver

A man and woman, both weighting 160lbs, start drinking at the same time.

2 hours later, they both have a BAC of 0.10, How did this occur?

The man drank more than the woman

20% of Alcohol can pass through the ________ ________ and enter the bloodstream

Stomach walls

Name the muscle that controls the passage from the stomach to the lower gastrointestinal tract.

Pylorus

Subject is under the influence of heroin and methamphetamine with a pulse rate of 78 BPM.

What effect is this called?

Antagonistic

True of False - Narcotic Analgesics cause the body temperature to be elevated.

False

(Causes the body temp to drop)

“Crank” is the street name for …..

Methamphetamine

BAC is the number of grams of alcohol in every _____ milliliters of blood.

100 milliliters

Name the natural chemical process in which beverage alcohol is produced.

Fermentation

What is the chemical abbreviation for beverage alcohol?

ETOH

What drug category does Fentanyl fall under?

Narcotic Analgesics

Define Downside Effect

An effect that may occur when the body reacts to the presence of a drug by producing hormones or neurotransmitters to counteract the effects of the drug consumed.

Name the part of the nerve that sends neurotransmitters.

Axon

Name the part of the nerve that receives neurotransmitters.

Dendrites

Define Homeostasis

A dynamic, self-regulating process by which the body maintains a balanced or constant state while adjusting to internal and external conditions.

How many validated clues are there for the One Leg Stand?

Four

What drug category usually causes Bruxism?

CNS Stimulants

Name the active impairing chemical in Cannabis

THC

List the top portion of the drug matrix for CNS Stimulants

HGN - None

VGN - None

LOC - None

Pupil Size - Dilated

Reaction to Light - Slow

Pulse Rate - Up

Blood Pressure - Up

Body Temperature - Up

Muscle tone - Rigid

List the top portion of the drug matrix for Hallucinogens

HGN - None

VGN - None

LOC - None

Pupil Size - Dilated

Reaction to Light - Normal (3 - Certain Psychedelic Amphetamines may cause slowing)

Pulse Rate - Up

Blood Pressure - Up

Body Temperature - Up

Muscle Tone - Rigid

List the top portion of the drug matrix for Cannabis

HGN - None

VGN - None

LOC - None

Pupil Size - Dilated (6 - Possibly normal)

Reaction to Light - Normal

Pulse Rate - Up

Blood Pressure - Up

Body Temperature - Normal

Muscle Tone - Normal

List the top portion of the drug matrix for Inhalants

HGN - Present

VGN - Present (High Dose)

LOC - Present

Pupil Size - Normal (4 - Possibly Dilated)

Reaction to Light - Slow

Pulse Rate - Up

Blood Pressure - Up/Down (5 - Down with Anesthetic gases, up with Volatile Solvents and Aerosols)

Body Temperature - Up/Down/Normal

Muscle Tone - Normal/Flaccid

List the top portion of the drug matrix for Narcotic Analgesics

HGN - None

VGN - None

LOC - None

Pupil Size - Constricted

Reaction to Light - Little to none visible

Pulse Rate - Down

Blood Pressure - Down

Body Temperature - Down

Muscle Tone - Flaccid

List the top portion of the drug matrix for Dissociative Anesthetics

HGN - Present

VGN - Present

LOC - Present

Pupil Size - Normal

Reaction to Light - Normal

Pulse Rate - Up

Blood Pressure - Up

Body Temperature - Up

Muscle Tone - Rigid

What is the Technical Term for Dilated pupils?

Mydriasis

Dextromethorphan is under what drug category?

Dissociative Anesthetics

What is Rebound Dilation?

Period of pupillary constriction followed by a period of pupillary dilation where the pupil steady increase in size and the range between minimum and maximum is equal to or greater than 1mm and does not return to it’s original constricted size.

True or False - Pound-for-Pound, the average woman contains more water than the average man.

False

(Females have 55% water - Males have 68% water)

What does “proof” represent with a beverage alcohol?

A measurement of how much ethanol is in an alcoholic beverage

(80 Proof = 40% ethanol content)

What three chemicals “make up” beverage alcohol?

Carbon

Oxygen

Hydrogen

What part of the body absorbs the most of the alcohol consumed?

The Small Intestines

List the top portion of the drug matrix for CNS Depressants

HGN - Present

VGN - Present (High Dose)

LOC - Present

Pupil Size - Normal (1 - Soma, Quaaludes, and some antidepressants usually dilate)

Reaction to Light - Slow

Pulse Rate - Down (2 - ETOH, Quaaludes, and some antidepressants may elevate)

Blood Pressure - Down

Body Temperature - Normal

Muscle Tone - Flaccid

List all the validating clues for One Leg Stand

Hopping

Putting their foot down

Raising arms for balance

Swaying while balancing

What is the Technical Term for an abnormally rapid pulse rate?

Tachycardia

What is the DRE Expected Range of an adult pulse rate?

60 - 90 BPM

What is the lower number called in a blood pressure measurement?

Diastolic

(min force occurring when the heart relaxes)

A Subject’s pulse rate should be measured at the _________.

Left Radial

If a Subject is impaired by Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) will their pupils be constricted or dilated?

Dilated

Which of the follow drugs will not cause the pupils to dilate?

MDMA

Methaqualone

Methamphetamine

Peyote

PCP

PCP

Clinical eye indicators that are _______ may impair visual function.

Inquired

What drug categories slow down the reaction of pupils to light?

CNS Depressants

CNS Stimulants

Inhalants

Name the three lighting conditions under which a DRE makes pupil size estimations.

Room Light

Near Total Darkness

Direct Light

How much time must a Subject close their eyes and tilt their head back for the Modified Romberg Balance test?

30 Seconds

Which categories of drugs will not cause VGN?

CNS Stimulants

Hallucinogens

Narcotic Analgesics

Cannabis

What is the Expected Range of pupils in Near Total Darkness?

5.0mm - 8.5mm

What drug categories show Lack of Convergence?

CNS Depressants

Inhalants

Dissociative Anesthetics

Cannabis

Which drug categories usually slow the reaction of the pupils?

CNS Depressants

CNS Stimulants

Inhalants

List the three clues of Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus in a DRE Evaluation

Lack of Smooth Pursuit

Distinct and Sustained Nystagmus at Maximum Deviation

Angle of Onset

List the Psychophysical tests used during a DRE Evaluation

Modified Romberg Balance

Walk and Turn

One Leg Stand (both legs)

Finger-to-Nose

What are the seven drug categories?

CNS Depressants

CNS Stimulants

Hallucinogens

Dissociative Anesthetics

Narcotic Analgesics

Inhalants

Cannabis

What is a drug?

Any substance that, When taken into the human body, can impair the ability of the person to operate a vehicle safely.

How many validated clues does the Walk and Turn test have?

Eight

How many validated clues does the Modified Romberg Balance test have?

Zero

What is the gap between two nerve cells called?

Synapse

A “drug” is any substance that, when taken into the human body, can impair ……..

the ability of the person to operate a vehicle safely

Name the first DRE laboratory study

Johns Hopkins Study

What is it called when a subject is impaired by ingesting two or more different drugs?

Polydrug Impairment

In the Los Angles Field Study, Slightly more than what percentage of the subjects examined were found to have more than one drug in their system?

Over 70%

What was the most detected drug in the LAPD DRE Field Study?

PCP

Afferent nerves are also known as the ______ nerves.

Sensory

What artery is used in the measurement of blood pressure in a DRE Evaluation?

Brachial Artery

What drugs combines create, most likely referred, to as a “Speedball?”

Cocaine and Heroin

Name the Arizona State Supreme Court case that established the admissibility of HGN as evidence of alcohol impairment.

State vs Blake

What measurement is the pupillometer diameters indicated in?

Millimeters

Define Nystagmus

Involuntary jerking of the eyes

Sympathomimetic drugs artificially cause the transmission of messages that produce ______ blood pressure and pulse rate.

Elevated

Blood pressure is the force exerted on the _______ by the circulated blood.

Arteries