Final exam review

rhetoric

 the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques.

Ethos

persuasion through the speaker’s or writer’s education, experience, trustworthy, likability and motivation

pathos

persuasion through emotional appeal

logos

persuasion through logic argument

rhetorical question

a question asked in order to create a dramatic effect or to make a point rather than to get an answer.

parallelism

using similar words, clauses, phrases, sentence structure, or other grammatical elements to emphasize similar ideas in a sentence.

propaganda

presenting one sided information to promote an opinion

restatement

an act of stating the same idea in different words

Loaded Language/Emotive Language/ Emotional Appeal -

is using strong, emotionally charged  language; words with positive and negative associations to those words that draws attention to the point

Denotation

the dictionary meaning of a word

Connotation

 the positive or negative charge that a word may have

context clues

hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meanings of new or unfamiliar words.

Author’s purpose

 the author’s reason for writing

·  P = Persuade

·  I = Inform

·  E = Entertain

MLA Format

size 12 font, Times New Roman, Double-spaced, heading, header, citations and Works Cited page with a one inch margin around the paper, except for the header, which is a half inch front the top of the page

Parenthetical Citation

 is the in-text citation, which follows a quote in the text/paragraph to give credit to the source, including the author’s last name and the page number

MLA Heading

your name, the teacher’s name, the class, & the date

Header

 is your last name a half inch down from the top of the page in the right corner with a sequential number for each page·  

Speaker

the character or narrator of the poem

Stanza

a group of lines that are surrounded by extra spaces in a poem

Rhyme Scheme

is the pattern of rhyme in a poem as identified by lowercase letters

External Rhyme

is when words at the end of a line of a poetry rhyme

Internal Rhyme

is when words within a line of a poetry rhyme

Exact Rhyme

 is when the vowel sounds and ending sounds match

Slant Rhyme

 is a half rhyme or an approximate rhyme

Imagery

creating an image with sensory descriptions

Hyperbole

exaggeration

Personification

giving human qualities to an object or an animal

Metaphor

a comparison between two different things

Extended Metaphor

a comparison between two different things that continues over multiple lines or sentences

Simile

a comparison between two different things, containing the words “like” or “as”

Dialect

is a regional way of speaking

Onomatopoeia

words that sound like a sound

Foreshadowing

hints or clues as to what happens next

Flashback

when a character remembers an event from an earlier time

Dramatic Irony

when one or two characters and audience know something that the other characters do not

Verbal Irony

the speaker intends to be understood as meaning the opposite of the usual meaning of what the speaker’s actual words 

Situational irony

when the outcome is the opposite or completely different from what was expected.

Characterization

learning information about a character through their thoughts, words, actions, how they treat others and how they are treated

Mood

the feeling created/evoked in the reader by a text

Tone

the author’s attitude toward the subject

Point of view

the view in which the story is told

Setting

information about when and where the story takes place

Conflict

the struggle between two opposing forces

Theme

the lesson the author wants the reader to learn

Setting

the place or type of surroundings where a story is or an event takes place and the time period in which the story takes place

Rising action

a series of incidents in a literary plot that build toward the climax

Climax

the most exciting part of the story, and many times when the character makes an important decision

Resolution

the solution to the conflict

titles

titles of small writings (articles, short stories, poems, songs, speeches) are identified with “quotation marks” & titles of long writings (books, plays, newspapers) are underlined. Both small writings and longs writings can be italics.