Unit 2 (Ch 3-4) Reading Guides AP Human Geography

Ecumene

The permanently inhabited portion of the earth.

Non-ecumene

The uninhabited portion of the earth.

Population density

A measure of the number of people living in a given area.

Arithmetic density

Total population divided by total land area.

Physiological density

Total number of people divided by total arable land.

Agricultural density

Total number of farmers divided by total arable land.

Dependency ratio

The ratio of people dependent (young and elderly) to the working-age population.

Sex ratio

The ratio of males to females in a population.

Crude birth rate

The number of births per 1,000 people in a given year.

Total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime.

Replacement level

The number of children needed to maintain a population, typically around 2.1.

Carrying capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustain due to limited resources.

Antinatalist policy

Government policies aimed at decreasing population growth by reducing birth rates.

Pronatalist policy

Government policies aimed at increasing population growth by encouraging higher birth rates.

Infant mortality rate

The number of deaths of children under one year of age per 1,000 live births.

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

Overpopulation

When a population exceeds its carrying capacity, leading to resource shortages.