phys

feedback that negates changes

negative

feedback that enhances deviation from homeostasis

positive

feedback that anticipates stimuli

feed-forward

what do the kidneys release when they sense a decrease in BP

renin

what converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

renin

where does ACE convert angiotensin I to angiotensin II

lungs

how does angiotensin II increase BP

vasoconstriction and aldosterone release

how does aldosterone increase BP

promote water and sodium reabsorption

where are the bodies of afferent neurons located

dorsal root ganglion

where are cell bodies of efferent neurons

ventral horn of the spinal cord

membrane that surrounds a fasicle

perineurium

what is located at the nodes of ranvier to increase AP speed

Na+ channels

what keeps K+ from leaking out of axons

myelin

which neuroglia maintain the blood-brain barrier and CSF composition

astrocytes

which neuroglia produce CSF in the choroid plexus

ependymal cells

what neuroglia become phagocytic in response to tissue damage

microglia

which neuroglia myelinate the CNS

oligodendroglia

which neuroglia myelinate the PNS

schwann cells

what maintains the resting membrane potential (-70)

Na+/K+ pump and leak channels

2 types of graded potentials

depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

why does hyperpolarization occur

K+ channels slow to close

when APs arrive from multiple locations

spatial summation

when APs arrive from in rapid succession to the same dentrite

temporal summation

what conduction occurs via myelin and nodes of ranvier

saltatory

what kind of synapse occurs when ion flow directly between neurons

electrical

where do vesicles arrive from

soma

what allows neurotransmitter vesicles to fuse with the synaptic membranes

Ca++ influx

options for unbound neurotransmitter

degraded, diffused, recycled

what happens when neurotransmitter is not removed from synaptic cleft

action continues

main inhibitory NT in the CNS

y-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

main excitatory NT in the CNS

glutamate

where does MS demylinate

CNS

where does gullain barre demylinate

PNS

how does krabbe disease demyelinate

galactocerebrosidase deficiency

where does charcot-marie tooth demyelinate

PNS

how to treat myasthenia gravis to allow Ach to hangout in the synaptic cleft

acetylcholinase inhibitor

what drug freezes muscles by preventing vesicle binding and exocytosis

botox

what disease prevents stimulation of inhibitory neurotransmitors

tetanus

what enviromental hazard inhibits acetylcholinase

insecticides

what prevents the brain from tugging on the meninges, nerve roots, and blood vessels

CSF

what does the brudzinski sign test for

meningitis

what regulate CNS blood flow

CO2

what prevents bad things from crossing the blood-brain barrier

tight junctions

4 parts of the forebrain

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia

where is personality and consciousness processed

forebrain

where does motor and sensory processing occur

midbrain

where does balance and posture maintenance occur

hindbrain

3 parts of the hindbrain

cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata

what part of the forebrain is responsible for cognitive and motor focus, learning, problem solving, and language

cerebrum

what part of the forebrain is the main relay station and is responsible for learning, problem solving, emotion, memory, vision, and hearing

thalamus

what part of the forebrain regulates the ANS, appetite, emotion, and hormones

hypothalamus

what part of the forebrain is responsible for voluntary motor control (including eye movements) and procedural learning

basal ganglia

what part of the hindbrain coordinate and regulates motor activity, fine motor control

cerebellum

what part of the hindbrain regulates respiration

pons

what part of the hindbrain control HR, BP, respirations, coughing, swallowing, vomiting

medulla oblongata

what controls contralateral muscle movement

primary motor cortex

where are voluntary skeletal muscles movements planned

premotor cortex

where are executive functions such as personality and judgement initiated

prefrontal cortex

where does speech production occur

broca’s area

where is speech and written language comprehended

wernicke’s area

where is there conscious awareness of sound

auditory cortex

where is analysis and understand of sound

auditory association area

where is awareness of somatic sensations

primary somatosensory cortex

where is analysis and memory of somatic sensations

somatosensory association cortex

what area receives input from temporal, parietal and occipital areas for spatial awareness

posterior association area

where is awareness of visual stimuli

visual cortex

where is analyzing and memorizing visual stimuli

visual association center

what is responsible for primitive behavioral responses and consolidation of memory

limbic system

regulate vital reflexes (cardio and respiratory function), wakefulness

reticular formation

reticular formation + cerebral cortex

reticular-activating system

end of the spinal cord

conus medullaris

nerve bundle at the end of the spinal cord

cauda equina

where do vertebral arteries branch off of

aorta

what is located in the posterior horn and responsible for pain transmission

substantia gelatinosa

where are cell bodies of the ANS located in the spinal cord

lateral horn

tract that carry voluntary motor activity from brain to spinal cord

corticospinal tract

tract carrying vague touch to the brain

anterior spinothalamic

tract carrying pain and temperature to the brain

lateral spinothalamic tract

what carries proprioception, fine touch, and vibration to the brain

dorsal column

brain abnormality caused by ischemia or hemorrhage

cerebrovascular disease

what are you concerned about when you see facial droop, arm drift, and abnormal speech

stroke

what artery is involved with symptoms of upper extremity contralateral weakness, and aphasia

middle cerebral artery

what artery is affected with symptoms of contralateral weakness of lower extremities

anterior cerebral artery

what artery is affected with symptoms of contralateral hemianopsia

posterior cerebral artery

what disease is caused by severe degeneration of the basal ganglia involving the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway resulting in tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia

parkinson disease

what spinal cord injury level results in pt being completely dependent for all care

C2-C3

what spinal cord injury level results in pt being dependent for most care and needs respiratory support

C4-C5

what spinal cord injury level results in pt using a wheelchair and acts of daily living

C6-C8

what spinal cord injury level results in pt being independent with use of a wheelchair

T1-T6

what spinal cord injury level results in pt being able to maintain balance while sitting

T6-T12

what spinal cord injury level results in pt being able to walk short distances with an assistive device

L1-L5

catecholamine that is a major action transmitter for the SNS

norepinephrine

catecholamine that is made by addrenal glands and similar to norepinephrine

epinephrine

catecholamine that is responsible for movement and vascular support and doesn’t cross into the brain

dopamine

catecholamine that is not natural and treats CHF

dobutamine

system that uses acetylcholine to send signals and is divided into nicotinic receptors (at neuromuscular junctions and ganglia) and muscarinic receptors (on target organs)

cholinergic

system that uses norepinephrine and epinephrine and has receptors that are divided into alpha (α) and beta (β) subtypes

adrenergic

type of med used to extensively relax airway

long-acting beta-agonist

short term inhaler acting on parasympathetic receptor

short-acting muscarinic antagonist