COMP

Comparative Criminal Justice

is a subfield of the studycriminaljusticewhich deals with the comparison of the different justicesystems.,Comparing criminal justice systems can be done usingdescriptive,historical, or political approach

Policing or law enforcement

which is the most visibleamongthethree functions.

Adjudication or the court system

which determineswhetherthesuspect is guilty or innocent and delivers justice basedonaruling.

Corrections

which handle the sentencing andthepunishmentforoffenders of the law.

International criminal justice

is the study anddescriptionofonecountry's law, criminal procedure, or justice process

International criminal law

a relatively newandconstantlydeveloping branch of public international law. ICL criminalizesthemostserious violations of human rights and international humanitarianlaw(IHL) In addition, it exposes perpetrators of suchconducttocriminalliability. ICL provides for criminal sanctions that applytoallperpetrators.

INTERNATIONAL CRIME

is defined as crimes against thepeaceandsecurityof mankind (Adler, Mueller, and Laufer, 1994). Examples of internationalcrimes include war crimes, crime of aggression, crimesagainsthumanity, and genocide Enumerated beloware thedifferentexamplesof international crime:

AGGRESSION

by one state against another usingarmedforceinconsistent with United Nations Chapter.

THREAT OF AGGRESSION

is an act carried out against humanbeingwhichhas direct effect to economics, infrastructure, peaceandsecurityofacountry or state

GENOCIDE

is the intent to destroy, in whole or inpart, anational,ethnical, racial or religious group. The acts that amount togenocideifcommitted in this context are:

TERRORISM

which is the unlawful use of violenceandintimidationagainst civilians for political gains.

DRUG TRAFFICKING

is the crime of illegally distributingor transportingunlawful controlled substances such as cocaine, marijuana, heroin,among others.

WAR CRIMES

when grave breaches of treaty or customaryrulesofIHLare committed. It is considered to be the most serious violationsofIHL.Willful killing, wanton destruction of private property, tortureorinhumane treatment, willfully causing great sufferingor seriousinjuryto body or health, unlawful deportation or transfer, takingofhostages,recruitment and use of child soldiers, and willfully deprivingapersonof the rights of fair and regular trial, all occurringinthecontextofanarmed conflict are considered as war crimes..

SAFARI METHOD

where the researcher visits another country

COLLABORATIVE

where (the researcher communicateswithaforeign researcher.

PUBLISHED WORKS

- comparative research also encompassesexistingliterature and studies that have been published onvarioustopics

HISTORICAL COMPARATIVE

is also called historiographyor holism.Thismethod is sometimes used as an alternative toquantitativeandqualitative research methods. Making it the most employedmethodamong the three.

Alertness to Crime Theory

The people's alertnesstocrimeisheightened as the society develops or progresses. Asaresult,morecrimes are reported which increases the and demandfor thepolicetobecome more effective at solving crime problems.

Economic or Migration Theory

This theory supposesthatlabormarkets and economies are driven by trade andmigration. Migrantsmove from societies where labor is abundant andwagesarelow,tosocieties where labor is scarce, and wages are high. Asaresult,crimeis everywhere, most especially in over-populatedurbanareas.

Opportunity Theory -

It seeks to explain the occurrence of crime rather than simply the existence of criminal dispositions. Crimeopportunitytheory espouses that offenders make rational choices, thuschoosetargets that offer high reward with little effort andrisk. Alongwithhigher standards of living, victims become morecarelessoftheirbelongings, hence opportunities for committing crimemultiply.

Demographic Theory

- Is based on the belief that withtheincreaseinthe childbirth rate, so does the emergence of delinquent subculturesas a result of adolescent identity crisis.

DEPRIVATION THEORY

Espouses that along with progress comes rising expectations. Individuals at the bottomof the social classorhierarchydevelop unrealistic expectations, while those at thetopdonotseethemselves rising fast enough.

MODERNIZATION THEORY

Sees the problemas causedbythecomplexities of the society

Theory of Anomie and Synnomie

suggests that progressivelifestyle and norms result in the disintegrationof oldernormsthatonce held people together. The latter, synnomie, referstosocialcohesion on values

FOLK COMMUNAL SOCIETIES

These societies are often small, close-knitcommunities where social cohesion is strong. They typicallyhavelittlespecialization among law enforcement andrelyoninformalmechanisms for conflict resolution. Problems may gounpunishedtoavoid over-criminalization, but when tensions escalate, harshpunishments may be applied.

URBAN COMMERCIAL SOCIETIES

In these societies, economic activitiesare primarily based on trade and commerce. Theyoftenhavefewwritten laws, and enforcement may focus on religious or royal decrees.Punishments in urban-commercial societies can be inconsistentandaregenerally harsh. The legal system is less formalizedthaninmoredeveloped societies

URBAN INDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES

Characterizedbysignificantindustrialization, these societies have more structuredlegal systemswith a greater emphasis on written laws andformal enforcementagencies. The complexity of social interactions andeconomicactivitiesleads to a more sophisticated approach to lawenforcementcomparedto folk-communal or urban-commercial societies.

Bureaucratic Societies

These societies are markedbyhighlyorganizedbureaucratic structures that govern legal processesandlawenforcement. Bureaucratic societies typically featurecomprehensivelegal codes and specialized law enforcement agencies, reflectingahighdegree of formalization in their judicial systems

England (Metropolitan/ Scotland Yard Police)

ScotlandYardisresponsible for various police operations in London, includingcrimeprevention, public safety, and investigations intoseriouscrimes.Itsdetectives are known for pioneering forensic techniquessuchasfingerprinting and ballistics analysis

Canada (Royal Canadian Mounted Police

) - The governmentdevelopedtraining colleges enables officers to undergo advancedandspecializeddevelopment programs that prepares themfor theinthefield. Havinglaid out to the trainee officers expectations in thefield, itcreatesarealistic approach which they can adapt and implement whendoingtheir duties when the need arises. canada

Netherlands (Royal Mare Chaussee, The Gendarmerie)

is a gendarmerie force in the Netherlands, operatingunder theMinistryofDefence. It serves both military and civilian functions, distinguishingitfrom regular police forces.

France (National Police of France)

- The “GendarmerieNationale”theyare responsible in providing air support, groundsupport withtacticaltrained teams' setup, put in position to move inoncommand,andconduct land operations to smoother down the resistance.

Japan (National Police AGENCY )

- The Japan policeforceistrainedsimilar to the United States Military, Japan has thehighesttraininginstitute for leaders which trace back to the 60s'.

USA (NYPD, LAPD, CHP)

- They are one of the highlytrainedforcesinworld, with a countless amount of backup and rescuemediumsaswellas advanced missionary systems based across the countrywhichmakesthem unbeatable in terms of policing style. usa

Australia (AFP)

The AFP is responsible for the seizureof oneofthebiggest drugs bust in the nation's history, if not theonlyincidentofthis kind in Australia. An estimated amount of morethanaBillionAustralian Dollars of Crystal Meth has been seizedbythispoliceforce.

Germany (Federal Police Bundespolizei or BPOL) -

Germanyhasestablished 'Deutsche Hochschule der Polizei' (GermanPoliceUniversity) which is the official and designated universitywherepolicenewbies undergo intensive study and trainingbeforedeployedinphysical on- the-field training which is quite intenseaseveryotherforce

Communication and Transportation

Innovations in technology have significantly loweredthecostsandincreased the speed of communication and transportation, makingiteasier to conduct business across borders.

Trade Liberalization

The reduction of tariffs and non-tariff barriers has facilitatedeasieraccess to international markets

Financial Integration

The unification of financial markets through liberalizationhasincreasedinterdependence among economies. This includes capital accountliberalization, which allows for more fluid movement of capitalacrossborders.

Global policing

refers to law enforcement activitiesthatextendbeyond national borders, addressing crimes that haveinternationalimplications.

International Policing

Indicates types of policingthat areformallydirected by institutions usually responsible for international affairs.