APHUG Unit 2 (Getting 5's on the AP test btw)

Abby's amazing vocab set thing that I made on my own

Age Distribution

Shows how population is divided into different groups, typically shown through population pyramids

Aging Population

global demographic shift where the older population increases and the younger population and children decrease

Agricultural Density

The ratio of the # of farmers to the amount of arable land

Androcentrism

the practice of using male perspectives, experiences, and interests as the center of culture, history, and society while dismissing women or using them as exceptions

Arable Land

Any land able to be used to grow temporary crops, gardens, and meadows

Arithmetic Density

overall amount of objects in an area (total # of people/total land use)

Boserup Effect

population growth drives agricultural innovation and intensification

Carrying Capacity

Maximum number of individuals of a species an environment can support

Census

official systematic population count/survey within a certain area

Centroid

center of a region

Contraception

methods or devices used to prevent pregnancy

Cornucopians

people who believe life is sunshine and rainbows (technology and human thinking can solve resource shortages and environmental issues, = unlimited economic growth)

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

total # of DEATHS per year per 1000 people in a society

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

total # of live BIRTHS in a year per 1000 people living in that society

Demographic Transition Theory

5 stage model attempting to incorporate economics, culture, medicine, and politics to explain CDR, CBR, and NIR change

Demography

statistical and scientific study of human populations, focusing on size, structure, and distribution

Dependency Ratio

compares # of non working people (0-15, 65+) to the working age population

Developed Country

country that has a solid economy, advanced technology, and a high quality of life

Developing Country

country with a lower quality of life and living, and a lower HDI

Doubling Time

# of years it takes for a population to double its size at a constant growth rate

Elderly Dependency Ratio

measures the # of adults aged 65+ compared to every 100 people of working age

Epidemiological Transition

theory describing how a population’s major causes of death and disease shift overtime from infectious and communicable illnesses to chronic, degenerative conditions

Generations

group of people born around the same time who share similar cultural experiences, historical events and birth years

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Annual # of deaths in infants under the age of 1 compared with total live births

J-Curve

represents the foundational stage of a Malthusian growth model before a population drastically crashes or exceeds its resources

Life Expectancy

# of years a newborn is expected to live under current social, economic, and medical conditions

Malthus, Thomas

argued that exponential population growth would eventually outstrip linear food production, leading to a catastrophic crisis

Mean Center of Population

balance point of a country’s population

Megacity

very large metropolitan area where the population exceeds 10 million

Metacity

MASSIVE area with a population of over 20 million

Natalism (pro and anti)

Pro - encourages/supports human procreation (making babies)

Anti - views procreation as morally wrong/problematic

Natural Increase Rate (NRI, RNI)

difference between CBR and CDR of a certain population

Neomalthusians

belief that population planning and birth control are necessary to prevent rapid population growth from outstripping Earth of natural resources

Overpopulation

population of people exceeds what the area is capable of holding/sustaining

Physiological Density

the # of people per unit area of arable land

Population Agglomerations/clusters

geographic concentrations of high population density, dense housing, and linked economic activities

Population Pyramid

a graphical bar chart that displays a country's population broken down by age groups and gender

Replacement Fertility Care

the average number of children per woman needed to keep a population's size stable

Rule of 70

used to estimate how many years it takes for a growing quantity to double its size

Scale of Analysis

the exact geographic level—such as local, national, regional, or global—used to organize, display, and study spatial data

Sex Ratio

# of males per 100 females in population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average # of children a woman gives birth to from ages 15-49

Youth Dependency Ratio

measures the number of children aged 0 to 14 compared to every 100 working-age adults aged 15 to 64

Zero Population Growth

demographic state where the size of the population remains unchanged

Asylum Seekers

A person who has crossed an international border, feeling war, violence, or other crap, and seeking legal protection, but waiting on a final decision.

Brain Drain/Gain

Drain - Country loses educated or trained workers

Gain - Country gains educated or trained workers

Chain Migration

Immigrants migrate to locations based off of recommendations from family, friends, and others

Emigration/Immigration

Emigration: Migrants leaving a country

Immigration: Migrants arriving to a new country

Forced Migration

Forced relocation/movement of people from their homes, driven by violence, wars, etc.

Guest Worker

Migrants who travel internationally to find temporary work

The Great Migration

Relocation of 6 million black Americans from the South to the North during the Jim Crow Laws era

Internal Migration

Migrating to a different part of the country you’re in, never leaving the country

International Migration

Movement of people to live in a different country, crossing a border/boundary

Internally Displaced Person

Someone forced to flee their home, but stays in their country and its boundaries/borders

Intervening Obstacle/Opportunity

Factors during a migration that alter, delay, or stop a group/person from reaching their original destination

Migration Transition

a country's migration patterns change predictably as it goes through economic and social development

Migration Flows

the number of people entering and leaving a country or region over a specific time period

Mobility

any type of movement from one location to another

Net Migration

the difference between the number of people moving into an area (immigrants) and the number of people moving out of an area (emigrants) over a specific period

Push/Pull Factors

Factors that either push migrants away from their country/region or factors that pull migrants to a different country/region

Ravenstein’s Laws

describes predictable patterns in human movement, distance, and migrant characteristics

Refugees

a person who has been forced to flee their home country to escape war, violence, or persecution

Remittances

money sent to home country to family/friends from international/foreign workers

Return Migration

the movement of a person returning to their country of origin or habitual residence after living abroad

Step Migration

a pattern of movement where people reach their final destination through a series of shorter, incremental stops rather than a single direct journey

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

400-year oceanic trafficking system that forcibly transported an estimated 12 to 13 million African men, women, and children to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century

Transhumance

seasonal movement of livestock and herders to high/low altitudes

Urbanization/Suburbanization/Counterurbanization (Yes I put them all into one okay)

URBANIZATION - the process where more people move from rural countryside areas to live and work in growing cities and towns

SUBURBANIZATION - a population shift where people and businesses move from crowded city centers to lower-density residential areas on the outer edges, known as suburbs

COUNTERURBANIZATION - the demographic trend where people move away from major cities to live in rural areas and small towns

Voluntary Migration

when individuals choose to relocate of their own free will rather than being forced

Zelinksky’s Migration Transition

describes migration in each stage of the demographic transition model