[AnaPhy Lab] Reviewer Prelims

Sensation

Process where our sensory receptors and nervous system receives stimuli from the environment and convert them into neural signals

Perception

An active process that builds meaning from the sensory input

Perception

The interpretation from the environment so that we can identify its meaning

Peripheral Nervous System

Under what part of the nervous system contains receptors that detect sensory stimuli

Mechanoreceptors

Touch and pressure receptors

Nociceptors

Pain receptors

Thermoreceptors

Temperature receptors

Proprioceptors

Muscle and joint position receptors

First-order neuron

The primary sensory neuron that will synapse in the spinal cord or brainsem

Dorsal root ganglia

The sensory receptor will send an afferent fibers signal through the ___ of the spinal nerves

Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal pathway

Pathway for fine touch, vibration and proprioception

Ipsilaterally

First-order neurons in the DCML ascends ____ in the dorsal column of the spinal cord

Medulla oblongata

First-order neurons from the DCML pathway, synapse in what part of the brain?

Thalamus, Ventral posterior nucleus

Second-order neurons synapse at the?

Postcentral gyrus

The third-order neurons now project to the?

Postcentral gyrus

The primary somatosensory cortex

Precentral gyrus

The primary motor cortex

Spinothalamic Tract

Pathway for touch, vibration, pain, and temperature

Contralaterally

Second-order neurons in the spinothalamic pathway goes ___ to ascend via the spinothalamic tract to the thalamus

Thalamus

A critical relay statin for sensory information

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Responsible for processing sensory information

Pinna (Auricle)

Captures sound waves from the environment and directs them into the ear canal

External Auditory Canal

Transmits sound waves toward the tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Tympanic Membrane (Eardrum)

Vibrates in response to sound waves, which causes the malleus to vibrate

Ossicles

Amplify and transmit vibrations to the oval window of the cochlea

Stapes

Creates fluid waves in the cochlea by vibrating against the oval window

Cochlea

A spiral-shaped, fluid-filled structure that converts mechanical vibrations into neural signals

Basilar Membrane

Vibrates in response to sound frequencies, causing hair cells in the organ of Corti to deflect

Hair cells (Mechanoreceptors)

Generates action potentials in the auditory nerve fibers

Cochlear Nerve

Part of Cranial Nerve VIII that transmits neural signals from the cochlea to the brainstem

Cochlear Nucleus (Medulla)

Initial processing center for auditory information.

Superior Olivary Complex (Pons)

Processes sound localization cues

Lateral Lemniscus

Transmits signals to the midbrain

Inferior Colliculus (Midbrain)

Integrates auditory information

Medial Geniculate Body (Thalamus)

Relays signals to the auditory cortex

Primary Auditory Cortex

Found in the temporal lobe that processes frequency, intensity, and timing of sound signals

Association Areas

Further interpret complex auditory stimuli, such as speech and music

Primary Auditory Cortex

It processes the basic features of sound such as pitch, volume, and rhythm

Tonotopically

The primary auditory cortex is organized ____ where different regions respond to specific sound frequencies

Secondary Auditory Cortex

It processes more complex auditory patterns such as speech and music; that is important for the perception of the temporal structure of sounds

Wernicke's Area

It is critical for the comprehension of spoken language

Inferior Frontal Gyrus

Another name for Broca's area where it is involved in the production of speech and language processing when identifying or forming responses to auditory stimuli

Amygdala

Processes the emotional content of sounds, such as detecting urgency in a tone or a scream

Parietal Cortex

Part of the brain that helps in spatial localization and integration of sound with other sensory inputs

Meissner corpuscles

Easier known as corpuscles of touch are touch receptors that are located in the dermal papillae of hairless skin

Organ of Corti

Also known as the spiral organ and as the organ of hearing

Vestibular apparatus

Includes semicircular ducts, utricle, and saccule, which generate nerve impulses that propagate along the vestibular branch of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve

Semicircular ducts

Contain cristae, sites of hair cells for dynamic equilibrium

Utricle and Saccule

Contains macula, site of hair cells for static equilibrium

External ear

Consists of the auricle (pinna), external auditory canal, and eardrum

Middle ear

Consists of the auditory (eustachian) tube, auditory ossicles, and oval window

Internal ear

Consists of the bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth and the spiral organ

Static equilibrium

The orientation of the body relative to the pull of gravity

Dynamic equilibrium

The maintenance of body position in response to rotational acceleration and deceleration

Medulla and pons

Vestibular branch axons of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve enter the brain stem and terminate in the ____