Chapter 4: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

how does a pollinator know when an angiosperms flower is ready?

pollinator know by visual cues and volatile chemical

how do angiosperms reproduce?

sexually and asexually

Plants have what type of relationship with other species?

symbiotic relationship

What do plants breads do to get the trait they want in angiosperms species?

artificial selection

Diploid

sporophytes produce spores by meiosis

fertilization

Gametophytes produce haploid (n) gametes by; of gametes produces a

sporophytemitosis

Flowers are the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte; they attach to a part of the stem

receptacle

Flowers consist of four floral organs:

sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

What stamen consists of?

a filament topped by an anther with pollen sacs that produce pollen

Where does pollen land on?

A carpel has a long style with a stigma

At the base of the style is an

ovary

ovary containing one or more is called

ovules

A single carpel or group of fused carpels

pistil

what is missing

receptacle

what is missing

sepal

what is missing

petal

what is missing

ovary

What is missing

style

What is missing?

Stigma

what is missing?

Carpel

What is missing

Filament

What is missing?

Stamen

What is missing?

Anther

Complete flowers

contain all four floral organs

Incomplete flowers

lack one or more floral organs, for example stamens or carpels

inflorescences

Clusters of flowers are

Pollen develops from microspores from where?

within the microsporangia, or pollen sacs, of anthers

pollen grain produces a pollen tube

that grows down into the ovary and discharges sperm near the embryo sac

What does a pollen grain consist of?

two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall

embryo sacs

megaspores are produced by meiosis and develop into; this is the female gametophytes

pollination

is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

give examples of pollinator/thing that happen naturally

wind, bee, moth and butterfly, fly, bird, bat, or water

Double fertilization

results from the discharge of two sperm from the pollen tube into the embryo sac

endosperm

giving rise to the triploid (3n) food-storing

In angiosperms, the sporophyte is the _______ generation, the large plant that we see

dominant

The gametophytes are _____ in size and depend on the sporophyte for nutrients

reduced

What is missing?

Synergid

What is missing?

Polar nuclei

What is missing

Egg

What happen double fertilization?

each ovule develops into a seed

What happens to the ovary after fertilization?

The ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seed(s)

In most monocots and some eudicots, endosperm stores nutrients that can be used by

the seedling

seed coat

The embryo and its food supply are enclosed by a hard, protective

During the seed of maturity seed enters a state of what?

dormancy

radicle

Below the cotyledons the embryonic axis terminates in the

In some eudicots, such as the common garden bean,

the embryo consists of the embryonic axis attached

to two thick cotyledons

What is a eudicot or monocot?

eudicot bean

What is missing?

radical

What is missing?

Cotyledons

What is missing?

Hypocotyl

What is missing

Epicotyl

A monocot embryo has ___ many of cotyledon

one

What is it a(n) eudicot or monocot?

Monocot, corn

What is missing?

Epicotyl(corn)

what is missing?

endosperm

what is missing?

hypocotyl(corn)

what is missing?

radicle(corn)

What is missing?

coleorhiza

What is missing?

coleptile

what is missing?

scutellum(cotyledon)

what will increase chances of seed dormancy?

the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling

What makes the seed come out out of it’s dormancy?

often requires environmental cues, such as temperature, lighting changes, fire, rain, chemical digestion, etc.

What does germination depend on?

imbibition

What is imbibiton?

the uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed

What grows first from seed development?

The radicle (embryonic root) emerges first

What grows second from seed development?

the shoot tip breaks through the soil surface

fruit

develops from the ovary

What is the function of the fruit?

It protects the enclosed seeds and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals

How can a fruit be classified as dry?

if the ovary dries out at maturity

How can a fruit be classified as fleshy?

if the ovary becomes thick, soft, and sweet at maturity

Fruits are classified depending on their developmental origin:

Simple Fruit, Aggregate Fruit, Multiple Fruit, accessory fruit

Name a good example of a simple fruit?

pea fruit

Name an example of aggregate fruit?

raspberry fruit

name an example of a multiple fruit

pineapple fruit

name an example of accessory fruit?

apple fruit

Fruit dispersal mechanisms include:

-Water

-Wind

-Animals

Many angiosperm species reproduce

both asexually and sexually

Sexual reproduction

results in offspring that are genetically different from their parents

Asexual reproduction

results in a clone of genetically identical organisms

Fragmentation

separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants, is a very common type of asexual reproduction

In some species, a parent plant’s root system gives rise to adventitious shoots that become

separate shoot systems

Apomixis

is the asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell

vegetative reproduction

Asexual reproduction is also called

how can asexual reproduction beneficial for a plant?

it’s only beneficial if it’s in a stable environment

How can asexual reproduction be bad for the plant?

a clone of plants is vulnerable to local extinction if there is an environmental change; only a fraction of seedlings survive

The benefit of sexual reproduction

generates genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible

Many angiosperms have mechanisms that make it difficult or impossible

for a flower to self-fertilize

Dioecious

species have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants

self-incompatibility

a plant’s ability to reject its own pollen

What is the gene that makes plants self-reject

S-gene

cuttings

Many kinds of plants are asexually reproduced from plant fragments

callus

is a mass of dividing undifferentiated cells that forms where a stem is cut and produces adventitious roots

How have humans devised methods for asexual propagation for plants?

Most methods are based on the ability of plants to form adventitious roots or shoots

How is grafting done?

Most methods are based on the ability of plants to form adventitious roots or shoots, the stock provides the root system and then scion is grafted onto the stock

Transgenic

plants are genetically modified (GM) to express a gene from another organism

Protoplast fusion

is used to create hybrid plants by fusing protoplasts, plant cells with their cell walls removed

Plant biologists have adopted ____ methods to create and clone novel plant varieties

in vitro

Maize

a product of artificial selection, is a staple in many developing countries

How do mutations arise?

mutations can happen randomly or can be induced by breeders

How are mutations beneficial?

Desirable traits can be introduced from different species or genera