Chapter 4: Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology

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108 Terms

1

how does a pollinator know when an angiosperms flower is ready?

pollinator know by visual cues and volatile chemical

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2

how do angiosperms reproduce?

sexually and asexually

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3

Plants have what type of relationship with other species?

symbiotic relationship

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4

What do plants breads do to get the trait they want in angiosperms species?

artificial selection

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5

Diploid

sporophytes produce spores by meiosis

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6

fertilization

Gametophytes produce haploid (n) gametes by; of gametes produces a

sporophytemitosis

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7

Flowers are the reproductive shoots of the angiosperm sporophyte; they attach to a part of the stem

receptacle

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8

Flowers consist of four floral organs:

sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels

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9

What stamen consists of?

a filament topped by an anther with pollen sacs that produce pollen

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10

Where does pollen land on?

A carpel has a long style with a stigma

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11

At the base of the style is an

ovary

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12

ovary containing one or more is called

ovules

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13

A single carpel or group of fused carpels

pistil

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14
<p>what is missing </p>

what is missing

receptacle

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15
<p>what is missing</p>

what is missing

sepal

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16
<p>what is missing</p>

what is missing

petal

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17
<p>what is missing</p>

what is missing

ovary

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18
<p>What is missing</p>

What is missing

style

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19
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

Stigma

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20
<p>what is missing?</p>

what is missing?

Carpel

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21
<p>What is missing</p>

What is missing

Filament

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22
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

Stamen

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23
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

Anther

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24

Complete flowers

contain all four floral organs

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25

Incomplete flowers

lack one or more floral organs, for example stamens or carpels

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26

inflorescences

Clusters of flowers are

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27

Pollen develops from microspores from where?

within the microsporangia, or pollen sacs, of anthers

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28

pollen grain produces a pollen tube

that grows down into the ovary and discharges sperm near the embryo sac

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29

What does a pollen grain consist of?

two-celled male gametophyte and the spore wall

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30

embryo sacs

megaspores are produced by meiosis and develop into; this is the female gametophytes

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31

pollination

is the transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma

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32

give examples of pollinator/thing that happen naturally

wind, bee, moth and butterfly, fly, bird, bat, or water

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33

Double fertilization

results from the discharge of two sperm from the pollen tube into the embryo sac

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34

endosperm

giving rise to the triploid (3n) food-storing

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35

In angiosperms, the sporophyte is the _______ generation, the large plant that we see

dominant

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36

The gametophytes are _____ in size and depend on the sporophyte for nutrients

reduced

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37
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

Synergid

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38
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

Polar nuclei

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39
<p>What is missing</p>

What is missing

Egg

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40

What happen double fertilization?

each ovule develops into a seed

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41

What happens to the ovary after fertilization?

The ovary develops into a fruit enclosing the seed(s)

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42

In most monocots and some eudicots, endosperm stores nutrients that can be used by

the seedling

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43

seed coat

The embryo and its food supply are enclosed by a hard, protective

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44

During the seed of maturity seed enters a state of what?

dormancy

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45

radicle

Below the cotyledons the embryonic axis terminates in the

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46

In some eudicots, such as the common garden bean,

the embryo consists of the embryonic axis attached

to two thick cotyledons

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47
<p>What is a eudicot or monocot?</p>

What is a eudicot or monocot?

eudicot bean

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48
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

radical

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49
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

Cotyledons

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50
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

Hypocotyl

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51
<p>What is missing</p>

What is missing

Epicotyl

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52

A monocot embryo has ___ many of cotyledon

one

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53
<p>What is it a(n) eudicot or monocot?</p>

What is it a(n) eudicot or monocot?

Monocot, corn

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54
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

Epicotyl(corn)

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55
<p>what is missing?</p>

what is missing?

endosperm

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56
<p>what is missing?</p>

what is missing?

hypocotyl(corn)

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57
<p>what is missing?</p>

what is missing?

radicle(corn)

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58
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

coleorhiza

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59
<p>What is missing?</p>

What is missing?

coleptile

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60
<p>what is missing?</p>

what is missing?

scutellum(cotyledon)

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61

what will increase chances of seed dormancy?

the chances that germination will occur at a time and place most advantageous to the seedling

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62

What makes the seed come out out of it’s dormancy?

often requires environmental cues, such as temperature, lighting changes, fire, rain, chemical digestion, etc.

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63

What does germination depend on?

imbibition

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64

What is imbibiton?

the uptake of water due to low water potential of the dry seed

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65

What grows first from seed development?

The radicle (embryonic root) emerges first

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66

What grows second from seed development?

the shoot tip breaks through the soil surface

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67

fruit

develops from the ovary

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68

What is the function of the fruit?

It protects the enclosed seeds and aids in seed dispersal by wind or animals

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69

How can a fruit be classified as dry?

if the ovary dries out at maturity

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70

How can a fruit be classified as fleshy?

if the ovary becomes thick, soft, and sweet at maturity

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71

Fruits are classified depending on their developmental origin:

Simple Fruit, Aggregate Fruit, Multiple Fruit, accessory fruit

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72

Name a good example of a simple fruit?

pea fruit

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73

Name an example of aggregate fruit?

raspberry fruit

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74

name an example of a multiple fruit

pineapple fruit

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75

name an example of accessory fruit?

apple fruit

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76

Fruit dispersal mechanisms include:

-Water

-Wind

-Animals

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77

Many angiosperm species reproduce

both asexually and sexually

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78

Sexual reproduction

results in offspring that are genetically different from their parents

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79

Asexual reproduction

results in a clone of genetically identical organisms

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80

Fragmentation

separation of a parent plant into parts that develop into whole plants, is a very common type of asexual reproduction

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81

In some species, a parent plant’s root system gives rise to adventitious shoots that become

separate shoot systems

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82

Apomixis

is the asexual production of seeds from a diploid cell

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83

vegetative reproduction

Asexual reproduction is also called

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84

how can asexual reproduction beneficial for a plant?

it’s only beneficial if it’s in a stable environment

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85

How can asexual reproduction be bad for the plant?

a clone of plants is vulnerable to local extinction if there is an environmental change; only a fraction of seedlings survive

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86

The benefit of sexual reproduction

generates genetic variation that makes evolutionary adaptation possible

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87

Many angiosperms have mechanisms that make it difficult or impossible

for a flower to self-fertilize

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88

Dioecious

species have staminate and carpellate flowers on separate plants

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89

self-incompatibility

a plant’s ability to reject its own pollen

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90

What is the gene that makes plants self-reject

S-gene

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91

cuttings

Many kinds of plants are asexually reproduced from plant fragments

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92

callus

is a mass of dividing undifferentiated cells that forms where a stem is cut and produces adventitious roots

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93

How have humans devised methods for asexual propagation for plants?

Most methods are based on the ability of plants to form adventitious roots or shoots

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94

How is grafting done?

Most methods are based on the ability of plants to form adventitious roots or shoots, the stock provides the root system and then scion is grafted onto the stock

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95

Transgenic

plants are genetically modified (GM) to express a gene from another organism

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96

Protoplast fusion

is used to create hybrid plants by fusing protoplasts, plant cells with their cell walls removed

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97

Plant biologists have adopted ____ methods to create and clone novel plant varieties

in vitro

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98

Maize

a product of artificial selection, is a staple in many developing countries

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99

How do mutations arise?

mutations can happen randomly or can be induced by breeders

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100

How are mutations beneficial?

Desirable traits can be introduced from different species or genera

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