EXER-324:Applied Exercise Physiology Test 1

Obesity

complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat; classified by a bmi of 30+

kinesiology

study of movement

Evidence-Based Practice

practice that relies on scientific evidence for guidance and decision making and prioritizing client values and expectations 

deconditioned 

state of lost physical fitness, which may include muscle imbalances, decreased flexibility, and lack of core and joint stability 

overweight 

body weight greater than what’s considered normal standards; bmi of 25.0-29.0 

muscle imbalance

when muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships

joint stability

the support provided by tissues surrounding a joint to maintain and provided control during movement

socioeconomic status

social standing of a person/group that includes education, income, and occupation

morbidity

state of having a disease

mortality

state or risk of death or dying

risk factor

any attribute, characteristic, or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease/injury 

cholesterol

waxy, fatlike substance found in bodily cells

stroke

sudden lack of blood supply to the brain

heart attack

action that occurs when an artery supplying the heart with blood and oxygen becomes blocked ; medically know as myocardial infarction

heart failure

condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs 

heart valve problem

condition that occurs when one or more heart valves don’t function properly, causing shortness of breath and reduced oxygen supply to the body

arrhythmia

problem with heartbeat

ischemia heart disease

a category of heart related problems caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, which supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle

atherosclerosis

the processes by which plaque is formed in arteries leading to reduced blood flow 

systolic blood pressure

pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when the heart is contracting; top number

diastolic blood pressure

pressure in arteries and other blood vessels when heart is resting ; bottom number 

diabetes

chronic metabolic disorder, caused by insulin deficiency 

glucose

simplest form of carbohydrate used by the body for energy

insulin resistance

inability of the cells to respond to insulin; occurs in type 2 diabetes

cancer

group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body 

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

general term for progressive lung diseases

endorphins

group of hormones secreted by brain 

skeletal muscle 

type of muscle tissue that connects to bone

sprain

a stretching or tearing of ligaments

plantar fasciitis 

an inflammation of the fibrous tissue (plantar fascia) along the bottom of the foot, which often results in intense heel pain 

patellar tendonitis

an injury or inflammation of the tendon that connects the patella to the tibia

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear

a stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the anterior cruciate ligament of the knee

Medial collateral ligament (MCL) tear

a stretch, partial tear, or complete tear of the medial collateral ligament of the knee

shoulder impingement syndrome

shoulder pain caused by rotator cuff tissues rubbing against the acromion bone of the shoulder

adherence

the level of commitment to a behavior or plan of action

motivation

the intensity and direction of someone’s effort to participate in an activity or engage in a behavior 

socioeconomic status

the social standing of a person or group that includes education, income, and occupation 

amotivation

describes when someone is not motivated to engage in an activity or behavior

extrinsic motivation

when someone participates in an activity or behavior for some type of reward or recognition from others 

intrinsic motivation

when people engage in an activity or behavior because they feel a sense of satisfaction 

outcome goals 

goals focuses on the end result

process goals

refers to the process of goal pursuit 

social support

the intentional ways that people assist others in achieving a specific behavior

social physique anxiety

a specific form of anxiety that occurs in individuals who perceive that others could be negatively evaluating their physique

ambivalence

describes a person’s mixed state of mixed feelings about a situation

instrumental support

the actions that directly facilitate a behavior to happen. includes: driving a person to gym/paying for a gym

emotional support

the encouragement and positive reinforcement that is provided from an individual to another

informational support 

providing accurate, current, and informative information  

companionship support 

when someone engages in a behavior with an individual. includes : friends or partners 

empathy

the ability to identify with another person’s feelings, attitudes, or thoughts  

self-esteem

the way someone evaluates their own self-worth physically, emotionally and socially 

body image

the way someone views their physical self or visualizes their body

sleep apnea

sleep disorder which a person’s breathing repeatedly stops and starts

third space

communal space, separate from home or work, where the client experiences their own sense of identity and relationship to others

behavior change techniques (BCTs)

client interventions that are used to change some determinant of behavior

self-efficacy

one’s belief that they can complete a task, goal, or performance; also known as self-confidence 

determinants of behavior

refers to the psychological, social, or environmental factors that influence behavior 

autonomous motivation

when motives for exercise relate to valuing the outcome, when exercise is consistent with the client’s identity, or when the client enjoys exercise 

self-determination theory

a broad theoretical framework for the study of human motivation

planning

a concrete representation of when and where exercise will occur 

attitudes

the degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable evaluation of the behavior of interest 

outcome expectations

the expected positive and negative consequences of a behavior 

perceived behavioral control

an evaluation of whether one has the means, resources, and opportunities to perform a behavior

affective judgement 

referring to expected pleasure or enjoyment  

subjective norms

belief that an important person or group of people will approve and support a behavior 

precontemplation 

client doesn’t exercise and isn’t planning to start within 6 months 

contemplation

client is thinking about implementing change but hasn’t yet taken any steps to get started ; may take action within the next 6 months 

preparation

the client intends to act in the near future usually within the next month 

action 

the client has made specific modifications in their exercise routine within the past 6 months 

maintenance 

the client has been exercising for 6+ months and is working to prevent relapse 

decisional balance 

reflects the clients weighing of the pros and cons of changing 

rapport

a relationship in which two people understand each others ideas, have respect for one another, and communicate well

reflective listening

process of seeking to understand the meaning of the speaker’s words and restating the idea back to the speaker to confirm that they were understood correctly 

active listening 

listening style that involves having genuine interest in what the speaker is saying

collecting summaries

short sentences that continue the client’s thoughts and add momentum to the conversation 

linking summaries 

summaries that tie together information that client has presented, perhaps even from previous sessions 

transitional summaries

summaries used to wrap up a session or announce a shift in focus 

affirmation

positive statements about character strengths

motivational interviewing

client-centered, directive method for enhancing intrinsic motivation to change by exploring and resolving ambivalence

self-discrepancy

an internal conflict that occurs when an individual compares their actual self with their ideal self

sustain talk

talk that represents and predicts movement away from change

change talk

talk that reflects movement of the person toward behavior change 

implementation intentions

a behavior change technique that links a goal directed response to situational cues by specifying when, where, and how to act

coping plans

a behavior change technique that involves anticipating barriers to goal action and proactively preparing strategies that prioritize intentional behavior over counterproductive habitual responses

reverse listing

replacing negative statements with positive statements

stopping 

the act of saying stop out loud 

cognitive fusion

when people believe the exact content of their own thoughts 

imagery

the process created to produce internalized experiences 

appearance imagery

when a person imagines appearance or health-related outcome 

energy imagery

when a person creates mental images that increase energy and/or relieve stress

technique imagery

when individuals mentally rehearsed their technique

psyching up

the process to get oneself into a state of psychological readiness for performance