Oncology, Tissues, Integument, Skeletal

Flashcards based on lecture notes about Oncology, Tissues, Integument, and Skeletal Systems.

Oncology

Uncontrolled mitosis resulting from an error during replication or an inappropriate protein made in translation.

Tumor

Excess tissue or swelling; also called neoplasm (new growth).

Metastasis

The spread of cancer from one part of the body to another.

Transformation

Converting a normal cell to a cancer cell.

Carcinogens

Substances that can cause cancer.

Oncogenes

Genes that promote cancer development.

Tumor Suppressor Genes

Genes that regulate cell growth and suppress tumor formation.

Surgical Removal

Treatment involving the surgical removal of cancerous tissue.

Radiation

Treatment using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells.

Chemotherapy

Treatment using drugs to kill cancer cells.

Angiogenesis Inhibitors

Drugs that prevent the growth of new blood vessels, thus inhibiting tumor growth.

Tissues

Cells function together creating this

Cell Junctions

Assist cells in functioning together

Tissue Classifications

Epithelium, Connective, Muscle, Nervous

Epithelium

On surfaces or glands; function in protection, absorption, secretion, sensation.

Layers

Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified

Shape

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar, Transitional

Endocrine

Produce hormones that enter the blood.

Exocrine

Secretion go on to a surface (internal or external)

Mode of Secretion

Merocrine Apocrine Holocrine

Connective Tissue

Abundant; derived from mesenchyme; functions in storage, insulation, protection, transportation.

Muscle

Cardiac, Skeletal, Smooth

Nervous Tissue

Neurons and Neuroglial cells

Integument

Largest Organ of the body; Composed of 2 regions Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis (not incl)

Integument Functions

protection, sensation, temp regulation, excretion, Vit D production

Vitamin D

Converted in the skin from sunlight: Cholecalciferol

Melanin

These pigment molecules vary in their color: Red- Pheomelanin, Brown/black- Eumelanin

Albinism

Loss of pigment, no Tinsinase

Carotene

yellow/orange pigment in s.corneum and hypodermis

Hemoglobin

red pigment found in RBC’s; visible through layers of the epidermis

Dermis

Associated with the dermis: Fingerprints Tattoo Wrinkles

Sebaceous (Oil) Gland

Connected to hair follicle and secretes Sebum

Sudoriferous (Sweat) Gland

Eccrine/Merocrine and Apocrine

Ceruminous Gland

Modified sweat gland in external ear canal that produces Cerumen.

Mammary Glands

Produce milk; modified sweat glands

Arrector pili muscle

Attached to follicle

Nails

Hard keratin; Mitotically active cells are found in the nail root

Lunula

Thickened area of the nail that covers the root; appears white

Hypodermis

Subcutaneous region; Contains mainly adipose tissue

Homeostasis

Intact skin is protective

Wound Healing

Primary and Secondary

Keloid

Excessive scar tissue formation

Transdermal Medications

Medication must be lipid soluble

Burns

Denaturing of the proteins in exposed cells

Rule of 9’s

Way of estimating the amount of body burned

Skin Cancer

Basal cell Carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma and Melanoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Derived from stratum basale

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Derived from stratum spinosum

Melanoma

Derived from melanocytes

Skeletal System

Composed of both bone and cartilage

Skeletal System Functions

Support Protection Movement Blood cell production Storage

Cells Present

Chondroblasts and Chondrocytes

Cartilage Growth

Appositional Growth and Interstitial Growth

Matrix

Collagen, proteoglycans, hydroxyapatite

Matrix Arrangement

Compact bone and Cancellous bone

Intramembranous Ossification

Occurs in flat bones of the skull mandible and clavicle

Endochondral Ossification

Occurs in all long bones with the medial epiphysis of the clavicle the last to stop growth

Thyroid Hormone

Produced by thyroid gland in the neck

Growth Hormone

Produced by pituitary gland in the brain

Growth Hormone Disorders

Dwarfism Giantism and Acromegaly

Sex Hormones

Testosterone and Estrogen both stimulate growth

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Secreted by the parathyroid glands in response to low blood calcium

Calcitonin

Secreted by thyroid in response to high blood calcium

Types of Fractures

simple vs comminuted and open vs closed

Fracture Repair

Hematoma formation Callus formation Callus ossification and Remodeling

Divisions

Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton

Fontanelle

Area where skull has yet to ossify; Allows for delivery of fetus

Sinus

Cavity in the bone lined with a mucous membrane; Decrease weight of the skull and help with voice