Relationship between Immunology and Immunohematology

Refers to the genetically encoded antigen system on the erythrocytes, Leukocytes, thrombocytes and plasma

BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS

Macromolecules capable of triggering an adaptive immune response by inducing the formation of antibodies or sensitized T cells in an immunocompetent Host.

IMMUNOGEN

Small molecules that stimulate immune response

Low molecular weight substance, has the ability to react with corresponding antibody but not able to stimulate antibody production.

Hapten

Traits of an Immunogen

_________________ size

____________________ composition and ______________ complexity

F

Ability to be processed and presented with MHC molecules, or ________________

 Macromolecular size

 Chemical composition and molecular complexity

 Foreignness

 Ability to be processed and presented with MHC molecules (Antigen presentation)

It determines the Human Leukocyte Antigen and is the antigen presenting cell

Major Histocompatibility Complex

Most immunogenic

Second Most immunogenic

A, B

Rh D

Substances that reacts with antibody or sensitized T cells but may not be able to evoke an immune response in the first place

ANTIGEN

Time frame where a Transfusion Reaction happens

10-15 minutes

_________________ - Exact binding site found in the antigen

_________________ - exact binding site of the antibody to your antigen, found on the antibody.

 Epitope – is found on the antigen

 Paratope – counterpart of epitope, exact binding site of the antibody to your antigen, found on the antibody.

Consists of sequential amino acids on a single polypeptide chain; there may be different types on one chain.

Linear Epitope

Results from the folding of one or more polypeptide chains, bringing together amino acids that may be distant from each other so that they are recognized together.

Discontinuous / Conformation Epitope

Ag Frequency

__________________ - Private/family antigens; occurrence is less than 1% of the population (will have a difficult reaction to antibody)

__________________ - Public antigen wherein 99% of the population have this antigen.

1. Low Incidence - Private/family antigens; occurrence is less than 1% of the population (will have a difficult reaction to antibody)

2. High Incidence - Public antigen wherein 99% of the population have this antigen.

Products of antigenic simulation and that demonstrate specific antibody activity.

Humoral branch of the immune response.

ANTIBODIES / IMMUNOGLOBULINS

The 2 chains present in the antibody are made out of?

Disulfide bonds

Fragmented Regions

_________________ - (antigen-binding fragments) – region near the paratope; region on an antibody that binds to antigen

_________________ - (crystallize fragment) – region where phagocytes interact with antibody

o Fab region (antigen-binding fragments) – region near the paratope; region on an antibody that binds to antigen

o Fc region (crystallize fragment) – where phagocytes interact with antibody

End chains of Antibody are made up of what group?

Carboxylic group

___________________ - Reacts with an antigen on the patient’s own cells.

___________________ - Reacts with a foreign antigen not present on the patient’s own erythrocytes.

 Autoantibody - Reacts with an antigen on the patient’s own cells.

 Alloantibody - Reacts with a foreign antigen not present on the patient’s own erythrocytes.

Produced as the result of immunization to foreign erythrocyte antigens by exposure through transfusion of blood components or through pregnancy.

IMMUNE ANTIBODIES

________________ - Immunoglobulin that is the most predominant, secondary response, capable of transplacental transfer

________________ - Immunoglobulin that is the primary response

________________ - Immunoglobulin that is capable of only complement fixation and agglutination in saline (pentamer), more potent than IgG.

IgG

Types of Antibody Reaction Phases

Immediate Spin Phase

Antiglobulin Phase

________________________ - Phase where it Detects the code reacting antibodies specifically IgM (pentamer)

________________________ - Phase where it Requires incubation at 37C because IgG is a monomer. It is too tiny, therefore it requires enhancement to form hemolysis/agglutination

Immediate Spin Phase - Phase where it Detects the code reacting antibodies specifically IgM (pentamer)

Antiglobulin Phase - Requires incubation at 37C because IgG is a monomer.

Conversion of polymeric antibody to monomeric antibody

Used for the differentiation of IgG and IgM

REDUCTION OF ANTIBODY