AP world 1

Green Revolution

The worldwide campaign to increase agricultural production from the 1940s to 60s, stimulated by new fertilizers and strains of wheat such as that by Norman Borlaug. The movement saved millions from starvation. Led to a radical population increase.

Polio vaccine

Developed in the early 1950s by American physician Jonas Salk. This vaccine contains killed virus and is given by injection. The large-scale use of IPV began in February 1954, when it was administered to American schoolchildren. It has saved millions of people worldwide.

Antibiotics

First produced in 1928, these drugs fight bacterial infections in the body. They were first used in World War II. They are the most important class of drugs in Western medicine.

HIV/AIDS

The virus spread from chimpanzees to humans sometime before 1931, most likely during "bush meat trading." By the 1980s, the disease hit epidemic proportions. Antiretroviral therapies made the drug treatable by the 1990. An estimated 78 million people have become infected with HIV and 35 million people have died of AIDS-related illnesses

Ebola

I first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks in Africa. It spreads by close bodily contact and spreads in countries with poor healthcare systems in Africa.

Rwandan Genocide

The killing of more than 500,000 ethnic Tutsis by rival Hutu militias in Rwanda in 1994. The conflict between the dominant Tutsis and the majority Hutus had gone on for centuries, but the suddenness and savagery of the massacres caught the United Nations off-guard. U.N. peacekeepers did not enter the country until after much of the damage had been done.

Al-Qaeda

A network of Islamic terrorist organizations, led by Osama bin Laden, that carried out the attacks on the US embassies in Tanzania and Kenya in 1998, the USS Cole in Yemen in 2000, and the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001.

Margaret Thatcher

Britain's first woman prime minister, British Prime Minister from 1979 to 1990 who pledged to limit social welfare, restrict the power of labor unions, and to control inflation through a program which came to be known as "Thatcherism." She represents a leader in the movement towards more capitalist market-based reforms in the late twentieth century.

International Monetary Fund

An international financial institution founded in 1946 whose purpose is to make short-term loans to governments on commercial terms in order to stabilize exchange rate and help countries pay their foreign loans back. Some criticize it for the restrictions it places on governments who accept the loans.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Created in 1993, it is an international organization that provides the institutional and legal framework for the trading system that exists between member nations worldwide, responsible for liberalizing trade, operating a system of trade rules and providing a forum for trade negotiations between governments, and for settling trade disputes.

North Atlantic Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

An agreement that created an essentially free trade zone among Mexico, Canada, and the United States, in hopes of encouraging economic growth in all three nations; after difficult negotiations, went into effect January 1, 1994.

Greenpeace

The most famous environmental group during that time. Created in 1970 by a small group of activists in Canada, concerned about the testing of a nuclear bomb off thEe coast of Alaska.

Earth Day

A holiday conceived of by environmental activist and Senator Gaylord Nelson to encourage support for and increase awareness of environmental concerns; first celebrated on March 22, 1970.

Bollywood

One of the biggest film industries in the world in terms of the number of people employed and the number of films produced. It is an example of a global culture due to its popularity throughout Asia and Africa.

FIFA World Cup

Started just before World War II, this event became the most popular sporting event alongside the Olympics. It is an example of the rise of a global sports culture in the 20th and 21st centuries.

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

In 1979, the Chinese government set up these places on the coast near Macao, Hong Kong and Taiwan. Improved transportation, lower taxes, and other incentives attracted investments from foreign businesses. They helped stimulate innovation and helped China grow economically.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Collapse of Soviet Union

By 1991, the Soviet Union dissolved replaced by 15 nation states which were no longer based on communism.

Iraq War

A protracted military conflict in Iraq that began in 2003 with an attack by a coalition of forces led by the United States and that resulted in the overthrow of Saddam Hussein's regime. The US falsely accused Iraq of developing Weapons of Mass Destruction. US combat troops were withdrawn in 2010, but a civil war against ISIS continues.

Glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

1918 Influenza Pandemic

Often called the Spanish Flu, deadly influenza pandemic which infected 500 million people across the world, including remote Pacific islands and the Arctic, and killed 50 to 100 million of them—3 to 5 percent of the world's population at the time—making it one of the deadliest natural disasters in human history. Affected mostly people aged 20-40 and was spread by troop movements during WWI.

Tanks

They were designed as an armored fighting vehicle designed to overcome the deadlock of trench warfare in World War I. They led to high wartime casualties during WW II.

Trench Warfare

A type of land warfare using occupied fighting lines consisting largely of trenches. It occurred when advancements in firepower were not matched by similar advances in mobility, resulting in a grueling form of warfare in which the defender held the advantage. Poor hygiene also led to fungal conditions, such as trench mouth and trench foot.

Armenian Genocide

A campaign of deportation and mass killing conducted against the Armenian subjects of the Ottoman Empire by the Young Turk government during World War I (1914-18). Armenians charge that the campaign was a deliberate attempt to destroy the Armenian people and, thus, an act of genocide. The Turkish government has resisted calls to recognize it as such, contending that, although atrocities took place, there was no official policy of extermination implemented against the Armenian people as a group.

total war

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

Five-Year Plans

Method of planning economic growth over limited periods, through the use of quotas, used first in the Soviet Union and later in other socialist states. In the Soviet Union, the first Five-Year Plan (1928-32), implemented by Joseph Stalin, concentrated on developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, at the cost of a drastic fall in consumer goods. The second plan (1933-37) continued the objectives of the first.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Women's Suffrage

The granting of voting rights to women in the early twentieth century (1900s). World War I and its aftermath speeded up the enfranchisement of women in the countries of Europe and elsewhere. In the period 1914-39, women in 28 additional countries acquired either equal voting rights with men or the right to vote in national elections.

Revival of the Olympics

The first celebration of the modern Olympic Games took place in its ancient birthplace of Athens in 1896. The revival reflected a growing interest in modern sports and sought to promote peace between competing nations prior to World War I.

M.A.N.I.A.

The causes of World War I: Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism, and Assassinations.

Balfour Declaration

Issued by the British government during WWI in an attempt to win Jewish support for the Allies. It expressed support for a Jewish national home in Palestine, but said that it shouldn't disturb those already living there. I encouraged even more Jews to migrate to Palestine, where violence flared between the Jewish and Muslim inhabitants.

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A secret agreement made during World War I between Great Britain and France for the dismemberment of the Ottoman Empire. The agreement led to the division of Turkish-held Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine into various French- and British-administered areas. It resulted in many Middle East boundary lines which still exist as well as ethnic conflicts. It was similar to the Scramble for Africa in that territories divided up between European leaders drawing lines on maps.

War-Guilt Clause

Term of the Treaty of Versailles forcing Germany to admit sole responsibility for starting WWI. It was something that Adolf Hitler later used as a way to spread Nazi ideology in Germany and Austria.

Treaty of Versailles

An agreement made by the leaders victorious allies Nations (1918-19): France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to rapay war damages($33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.

Mandate System

Following the defeat of Germany and Ottoman Turkey in World War I, their Asian and African possessions, which were judged not yet ready to govern themselves, were distributed among the victorious Allied powers under the authority of the League of Nations. They violated agreements made to Palestinians and Jews over the future of Palestine.

Ataturk

A Turkish soldier, statesman, and reformer who was the founder and first president (1923-38) of the Republic of Turkey. He modernized the country's legal and educational systems and encouraged the adoption of a European way of life, with Turkish written in the Latin alphabet and with citizens adopting European-style names.

Lenin

Founder of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks), inspirer and leader of the Bolshevik Revolution (1917), and the architect, builder, and first head (1917-24) of the Soviet state. He built on the ideas of Karl Marx to form Marxism-Leninism, which became the Communist worldview in the twentieth century.

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)

Also known as the Soviet Union, it was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. A union of multiple subnational republics(Russia was just one), its government and economy were highly centralized. The Soviet Union was a one-party federation, governed by the Communist Party with Moscow as its capital.

Bolshevik Revolution

The overthrow of Russia's Provisional Government in the fall of 1917 by Lenin and his Bolshevik forces, made possible by the government's continuing defeat in the war, its failure to bring political reform, and a further decline in the conditions of everyday life.

Revolution of 1911

A nationalist democratic revolt that overthrew the Qing (or Manchu) dynasty in 1912 and created a republic. It ended more than 2000 years of Chinese imperial rule. The period of "The Republic" from 1912 to 1949, was weakened by a Communist revolt by Mao Zedong and the Japanese invasion.

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. He later created the Republic of China, the government that rules over Taiwan.

Mao Zedong

He was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) from 1935 until his death in 1975, and he was chairman (chief of state) of the People's Republic of China from 1949 to 1959 and chairman of the party also until his death.

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. It is part of the mythology of the Chinese Communist Party.

Guomindang

Nationalist political party founded on democratic principles by Sun Yat-sen in 1912. After 1925, the party was headed by Chiang Kai-shek, who turned it into an increasingly authoritarian movement.

The Great Depression

A worldwide economic downturn that began in 1929 and lasted until about 1939. It was the longest and most severe depression ever experienced by the industrialized Western world, sparking fundamental changes in economic institutions, financial policy, and economic theory. Although it originated in the United States, the Great Depression caused drastic declines in output, severe unemployment, and acute deflation in almost every country of the world.

The Manhattan Project

A secret project started in 1942 which resulted in production of the first atomic weapon, ushering in the age of atomic warfare when the US drops A-bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki leading to surrender of Japan on August 14, 1945 and the end of WWII.

Firebombing

A bombing technique designed to damage a target, generally an urban area, through the use of fire, caused by incendiary devices, rather than from the blast effect of large bombs. It was used effectively in Dresden, Germany

Guernica

A Pablo Picasso painting of a Spanish town that was brutally bombed during the Spanish Civil War. It is a critical response to the militarism of the first half of the twentieth century.

The New Deal

A series of economic programs and reforms started by Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1936. The goal was to give work to unemployed people and help business and the economy improve. It represents a greater role that Western democracies played in the economy as a result of the Great Depression.

Fascism

A form of authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, before it spread to other European countries. Nazis were the most extreme fascists. Their ideas include strong nationalism, one-party rule, and racism. They viewed the communists as the main enemy.

Benito Mussolini

An Italian leader. He founded the Italian Fascist Party, and sided with Hitler and Germany in World War II. In 1945 he was overthrown and assassinated by the Italian Resistance.

Joseph Stalin

Under his leadership, the Soviet Union defeated Hitler in Europe. He was Bolshevik revolutionary and head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition.

The Nanking Massacre

An episode of mass murder and mass rape committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing (then spelled Nanking), then the capital of the Republic of China during the Second Sino-Japanese War. The massacre occurred over a period of six weeks starting on December 13, 1937, the day that the Japanese captured Nanjing.

Holocaust

the systematic state-sponsored killing of six million Jewish men, women, and children and millions of others by Nazi Germany and its collaborators during World War II. This word was chosen because in the ultimate manifestation of the Nazi killing program—the extermination camps—the bodies of the victims were consumed whole in crematoria and open fires.

Genocide

Systematic destruction of a political, religious, racial, or culture group. The main examples are the Armenian Genocide, the Holocaust and the Rwandan Genocide.

Blitzkrieg

A German term for "lightning war," blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces(tanks and airpower) and locally concentrated firepower. Its successful execution results in short military campaigns, which preserves human lives and limits the expenditure of artillery.

Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

The use of nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively, during the final stage of World War II.

Adolf Hitler

Born in Austria, Hitler became a radical German nationalist during World War I. He led the National Socialist German Workers' Party-the Nazi Party-in the 1920s and became dictator of Germany in 1933. He led Europe into World War II.

Mein Kampf

"My Struggle" Work written by Hitler while in prison in 1923. The book outlines his policies for German expansion, war, and elimination of non Aryans.

Kulaks

Prosperous landowning peasants in czarist Russia. Joseph Stalin accused the kulaks of being class enemies of the poorer peasants. Stalin "liquidated the kulaks as a class" by executing them and expropriating their land to form collective farms.

John Maynard Keynes

English economist who advocated the use of government monetary and fiscal policy to maintain full employment without inflation (1883-1946). His ideas helped form the New Deal.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

A military alliance established by the North Atlantic Treaty (also called the Washington Treaty) of April 4, 1949, which sought to create a counterweight to Soviet armies stationed in central and eastern Europe after World War II. The primary purpose was to unify and strengthen the Western Allies' military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies. Countries included USA, all Western European nations and Turkey.

Warsaw Pact

A military alliance of communist nations in eastern Europe. Organized in 1955 in answer to NATO, the Warsaw Pact included Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the Soviet Union.

Mohandas Gandhi

(1869-1848) Indian lawyer, politician, social activist, and writer who became the leader of the nationalist movement against the British rule of India. As such, he came to be considered the father of his country. Gandhi is internationally esteemed for his doctrine of nonviolent protest (satyagraha) to achieve political and social progress.

decolonization

The collapse of European colonial empires. Between 1947 and 1962, practically all former colonies in Asia and Africa gained independence.

Tiananmen Square incident

Also called June Fourth incident or 6/4, series of protests and demonstrations in China in 1989 calling for political, social, and economic reforms to the communist system. It culminated on the night of June 3-4 with a government crackdown on the demonstrators in Tiananmen Square in Beijing.

The Great Leap Forward

In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced low-quality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine.

Nelson Mandela

(844) Leader of African National Congress. Early 1990 South African govt retreated from apartheid policies and legalized chief black party in the nation (ANC), which had been banned for decades and released this guy from prison. He became first black president of South Africa and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

Anti-Apartheid Movement

The Anti-Apartheid Movement (AAM), originally known as the Boycott Movement, was a British organisation that was at the center of the international movement opposing South Africa's system of apartheid and supporting South Africa's non-whites during the 1960s and 1970s.

Deng Xiaoping

1904-1997 The leader of China and the Communist party following Mao Zedong's death who implemented new policies that led China toward a mix of a socialist and market economy. Although his policies increased the living standards of many, he was known for brutality, like at Tiananmen Square.

Augusto Pinochet

Military dictator of Chile from 1973 to 1990. He implemented extreme free market reforms and repressed dissent and leftist movements. He left power in 1990 after losing the 1988 referendum to prolong his term in power. He died before being tried for human rights violations.

Negritude Movement

The literary movement of Black French speakers, which was born out of the Paris intellectual environment of 1930s and 1940s. It is a product of black writers joining together through the French language to assert their cultural identity. An important aspect of the movement was the rejection of colonialism.

Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes

This refers to those oppressed castes and tribes listed in "schedules" of the Indian Constitution of 1949. Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are entitled to a certain number of government jobs and educational opportunities. Nonetheless the caste system still oppresses lower members of society.

Palestinian Liberation Organziation (PLO)

A political organization claiming to represent the world's Palestinians—those Arabs, and their descendants, who lived in mandated Palestine before the creation there of the State of Israel in 1948. It was formed in 1964 to centralize the leadership of various Palestinian groups that previously had operated as clandestine resistance movements. Since the 1990s it has represented Palestinians in peace negotiations.

United Fruit Company

An American corporation that traded in tropical fruit (primarily bananas), grown on Central and South American plantations, and sold in the United States and Europe. Critics often accused it of exploiting Central American countries, influencing the internal politics of countries trying to control its own resources.

Zionism

Founded by Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) it sought the creation of a national homeland for the Jews in Palestine. It was supported by the British Balfour Declaration during WWI but did not become a reality until 1948

Iranian Revolution

A popular uprising against the shah of Iran in 1978-79 that resulted in the toppling of the monarchy on April 1, 1979, and led to the establishment of an Islamic republic. It was caused by high inflation and a sense the country was westernizing too fast.

United Nations

An international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate co-operation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues. It was founded in 1945 at the signing of the United Nations Charter by 50 countries, replacing the League of Nations, founded in 1919.

United Nations Security Council

The Security Council is the United Nations' most powerful body. It has "primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security." Five powerful countries sit as "permanent members" with veto power along with ten other member states, elected for two-year terms.

Kwame Nkrumah

Leader of nonviolent protests for freedom on the Gold Coast. When independence was gained, he became the first prime minister of Ghana in 1957. He developed economic projects, but was criticized for spending too much time on Pan-African efforts, and neglecting his own countries' issues

Cuban Revolution

An armed revolt in 1959 conducted by Fidel Castro's 26th of July Movement and its allies against the right-wing authoritarian government of Cuban President Fulgencio Batista. It started a close relationship between Cuba and the Soviet Union. In response the US placed a trade and travel embargo (ending trade and travel) which hurt many Cubans.

Apartheid

A system of legal racial segregation enforced by the National Party government in South Africa between 1948 and 1994, under which the rights of the majority black inhabitants of South Africa were curtailed and minority rule by whites was maintained.

Containment

A U.S. foreign policy adopted by President Harry Truman in the late 1940s, in which the United States tried to stop the spread of communism by creating alliances and helping weak countries to resist Soviet advances. The Vietnam and Korean wars were an example of this policy.

Iron Curtain Speech

A speech given by Winston Churchill where he said that an 'iron curtain' has been set across East and West Europe, separating Western democracies from Eastern Communist countries. It is seen as the beginning of the official Cold War in 1945

Settlement Colonies

Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants

Economic Imperialism

This type of imperialism was inspired by the desire to control global trade and commerce. A good example of is the creation of spheres of influence in China after the Opium Wars.

Shaka Zulu

Leader of Zulu people, Around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887. It represents a direct resistance to British rule in South Africa.

Social Darwinism

A description often applied to the late 19th century belief of people such as Herbert Spencer and others who argued that "survival of the fittest" justifies the competition of laissez-faire capitalism and imperialist policies.

Indian Revolt of 1857/Sepoy Mutiny (Either spelling)

Revolt of Indian and Muslim soldiers in India when the British replaced the standard musket with the Enfield rifle, with which soldiers were required to use their teeth to open ammunition cartridges that were greased with animal fat (often which was pig or cattle fat, against the religion of the soldiers). An example of colonial resistance to European imperialism.

The White Australia Policy

Various historical policies that effectively barred people of non-European descent from immigrating to Australia. There was never any specific policy titled such, but the term was invented later to describe a collection of policies that were designed to exclude people from Asia (particularly China) and the Pacific Islands (particularly Melanesia).

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC)

Bank created in 1865 with one center in Hong Kong and one in Shanghai to meet the needs of European merchants who needed a local bank to finance the heavy transnational trade between China and Europe. Initially it is an example of a 19th century transnational business engaged in economic imperialism.

Bessemer Steel Converter

The first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron.

Berlin Conference

(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.

Captain James Cook

(1728-1779) Sailed to Newfoundland and the South Pacific (3 times). Voyages were to claim land for the British crown and to look for the great continent that should be past the Americas. Discovered Tahiti, Hawaii, Australia, and Samoa. Helped make the British Navy better by having his sailors eat limes, made extensive and accurate maps, and became the model ship captain.

Origin of the Species

Charles Darwin's book in 1859 that describes how evolution occurs.

Panama Canal

The United States built it to have a quicker passage to the Pacific from the Atlantic and vice versa. It cost $400,000,000 to build. Columbians would not let Americans build the canal, but then with the assistance of the United States a Panamanian Revolution occurred. The new ruling people allowed the United States to build the canal.

Suez Canal

Ship canal dug across the isthmus of Suez in Egypt, designed by Ferdinand de Lesseps. It opened to shipping in 1869 and shortened the sea voyage between Europe and Asia. Its strategic importance led to the British conquest of Egypt in 1882.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor.

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.