US Since 1877 Unit 2

have colonies, protection, domination

What do empires do?

american imperialism

rooted in an identity as Western European colony

Monroe Doctrine

1823; keeps Europe out of the Western Hemisphere

Alfred Thayer Mahan

wrote “The Influence of Sea Power Upon History”; believed that a strong navy us what allows empires to grow, the US needed resources (iron, rubber, timber) and naval bases around the world (Western civilization needs to spread and the US starts modernizing the navy)

nationalism

my country is better than yours and I’m going to prove it to you

social darwinism

coined by Herbert Spencer; the idea that there is a predetermined weakness of races (strong peoples fight, weak peoples want peace), military inferiority was the result of racial inferiority

evangelicalism

sharing the good news, the responsibility to share the religion by spreading the culture

Imperialists

Alfred Thayer Mahan, Henry Cabot Lodge, Theodore Roosevelt

anti-imperialists

William Jennings Bryan, Carl Schurz, Mark Twain, Jane Addams, Andrew Carnegie

Seward’s Folly

1867 purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million; ends Russian imperialism in North America and keeps Russia out of the Western Hemisphere

Hawaii

prominent producer of sugar cane; Pearl Harbor is established in 1891 as a port and refueling station; increasing number of white settlers; McKinley annexes in 1897

Spanish-American War

“War of 1898”; Cuba Libre (Free Cuba), “splendid little war”, only lasts 114 days with only a couple thousand Americans dying (most due to malaria)

Free Cuba

it had been ruled by Spain for centuries and there was a move to remove Spain; there was an outrage over Spanish brutality, Cubans begin to win over Spain but the US was worried that the Cubans may win and gain independence, resulting in integration

yellow journalism

sensationalizing of headlines to build readership and profit; campaigned by William Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

USS Marine

battleship docked in Havana harbor; exploded on February 15, 1898 with papers trying to claim that it was Spanish sabotage but in reality, it was a coal room accident

Philippines in the Spanish-American War

Commodore George Dewey attacks the Spanish fleet in the Manila Harbor resulting in 474 Spanish deaths, 1 American death, and the death of 1 million Filipino civilians

result of Spanish-American war

Cuba becomes independent but the US will maintain a base in Guantanamo; Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines are American territories for $20 million

Dr Cornelius “Dusty” Rhodes

doctor that goes to Puerto Rico to help people, he leaves the clinic one day finding his car to be stripped; writes a letter that Puerto Rico needed a tidal wave to remove the race, proceeds to kill 8 people and inject cancer into 6 others and refuses treatment; returns to New York and receives no consequences; discovers chemotherapy

Philippine-American War

Emiliano Aguinaldo and the Insurrectos were fighting for Filipino independence, anti-imperialists were against war; American soldiers torture Filipino by waterboarding; results in 4100 American deaths, 20,000 Filipino deaths, 750,000 civilian deaths; most soldiers turn to the police force when they come back

China and the “Open Door” policy

John Hay wants the US and European countries to have equal trade with the Chinese market but China (at the time) did not have a strong central government and Japan wanted pieces of China

August Vollmer

Father of Modern Policing; refashioned police in Bakersfield, CA to a military style; targets “enemies of society” and uses military tactics to push for longer sentences

enemies of society

gangsters, bootleggers, whiskey runners, prostitutes, unionizers, strikers, Mexican Americans, blacks, socialists

How the Other Half Lives

1890 book by Jacob Riis that reveals modern poverty

The Shame of the Cities

1904 book by Lincoln Steffens that reveals troubling politics

The Jungle

1906 book by Upton Sinclair that reveals poor business practices and meatpacking plants

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

March 1911, New York; 146 people died; workers had gone on strike for higher wages and safer conditions, fire begins on the 7th-10th floors, fire escapes were blocked and doors were locked to prevent theft, employees largely consisted of immigrant women and girls

control the environment where people live; shape minds and character

if we can ___ then we can ___

Progressives

political movement post-Populist era in the 1890s-1914; reformers are trying to change the structure of institutions, believe that state and national governments need to be more responsive to people by protecting the weaker elements of society from unscrupulous power (women, children, poor, infirm), believe that the government can be used for good

communism

everyone should be absolutely equal

anarchism

governments are the problem

socialism

government should be bigger to help people

Socialist Party of America

aimed to meet the needs of all workers, headed by Eugene V Debs; was too radical for many Americans because it was a threat to the market system of capitalism

Eugene V Debs

Founder of the American Railway Union, viewed the class structure as owners vs workers, believed that workers were NEVER going to be treated well, therefore the system needed to be changed; goal was for all workers to be similar and together, all workers can eliminate the owner class

democracy, regulations, social justice, efficiency; progress

progressives: if we can increase ___ this will lead to ___

Charles Sheldon

writer of the 1896 book “In His Steps: What Would Jesus Do?”; aimed to engage society, not just churches

social gospel

bringing about physical good and change using Rescue Missions, Young Men’s Christian Association, soup kitchens

progressivism at a local level

urban bossism is eliminated, a corrupt government meant an inefficient government that is not responsive to the people; institution of new political reforms; a push for education of immigrant children; limitations on drinking

progressives and prohibition

believed that immigrant men went to the saloons, got horribly drunk, then would go home and abuse their family; began to close saloons, which wasn’t inherently bad, but saloons provided more than just alcohol; corporations did not want drunk factory workers

Robert La Follette

governor and senator from Wisconsin; believed that people would always do the right thing if they are informed, worker’s compensation, railroad rate reform, direct legislation, minimum wage, women’s suffrage

Theodore Roosevelt

president from 1901-1908; appointed Secretary of the Navy under McKinley but resigned to enlist in the War of 1898; Rough Riders; public suggests that he runs for governor of New York when he comes back in August, wins election in November; rises to president in 1901 when McKinley is assassinated at only 42 years old; called for reform, regulation, and conservation

Sherman Anti-trust Act

law under Teddy Roosevelt in 1890; Northern Securities company is the first victim, is broken up by 1902

conservation of natural resources

land should be set aside so it is not exploited

election of 1904

Teddy Roosevelt vs Alton B Parker; Roosevelt easily wins and calls for more reform

Meat Inspection Act

Pure Food and Drug Act

William Howard Taft

president from 1909-1912; chosen replacement of Theodore Roosevelt because Teddy decided not to run again; enacted rollbacks on Roosevelt’s policies by giving government protected land to developers and creating taxes and tariffs

Roosevelt and the Bull Moose Party

Theodore Roosevelt’s new party because he is furious with Taft’s actions

election of 1912

Theodore Roosevelt vs William Howard Taft vs Woodrow Wilson vs Eugene V Debs; Wilson wins presidency

Roosevelt’s Progressive ideas

6-day work week, 8-hour work day, abolition of convict labor, social security, medicaid for all, regulation of businesses, Department of Justice, farm relief, women’s suffrage, recall, referendum, initiative

results of Progressive era

America eventually adopts nearly all Populist reforms; plight of workers revealed to the shock of the nation; American adopted progressive reforms; America pays attention to the disenfranchised more than ever; no matter the efforts, there are resistance to reforms

federal reserve

1913; central bank of America, stabilizing prices, moderates interests

progressivism and minority rights

there was little concern for “others” and a strong prejudice against non-whites

progressives and native americans

were allotted 160 acres instead of living on broken reservations, excess land was sold and profits were used to create Indian schools; schools were intended to create “civilized” people (white definition), English only and prohibited them from speaking their language; problems abounded

progressives and asian americans

was in the middle, not white but not black; CA had a large influx of immigrants, by the 1870s 25% of the workforce was Chinese; 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act; Filipinos were not allowed to migrate and not allowed full American freedoms

Gentlemen’s Agreement

casual agreement between America and Japan; Japan would not allow people to emigrate to the US

Plessy v Ferguson

1896 ruling by Supreme Court, “separate but equal”

Birth of a Nation

movie by DW Griffith that documents the birth of the KKK, it’s necessity, and it’s greatness; Woodrow Wilson described it as “history written in lightening” and had a screening at the White House

Progressivism and black voting

poll taxes, Grandfather clauses, minimum education requirement, property requirements; by 1930, only 1% of eligible people were registered to vote in the South

Ida B Wells

investigative journalist that exposed lynching in the 1890s because white people in the North did not know about the escalation of violence/lynching in the south; ended up moving out of the south for safety

Niagara Falls Convention

1905 meeting of 32 African American leaders, initially went to a hotel in New York but segregation laws were in place so they had to cross into Canada; called to meet in response to the changing voting rules

Booker T Washington

born into slavery, rose up, established the Tuskegee Institute; advocated for being slow and patient and eventually things will change; “Atlanta Compromise” (1895)

WEB DuBois

educated, first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard, Father of Modern Sociology; believed that waiting had done little and that action needed to be taken; “Souls of Black Folk” (1903)

Springfield Riot

August 1908; a black man was accused of rape and the white people thought he was going to get exonerated so they try to break into the jail; sheriff works with business owners to help the man escape the mob but the group recognizes the car and start destroying the businessman’s store; white mob begins attacking every black they see and begin burning the black side of town; 12,000 white people riot, more whites end up dying because black people were fighting back

democracy

before World War I, there is an effort to make the world safe for what?

TR’s interventions

helped to end the Russo-Japanese War 1905, it was solved in New Hampshire; acquisition of the Panama Canal from France

international police power

according to Taft, the United States is a ___?; mainly over Nicaragua, Honduras, Dominican Republic, and Liberia because they had international debt that had not been paid

Wilson’s Moral Imperialism

believed in spreading good and democracy; getting involved in world affairs, picking a pro-US leader for the Dominican Republic, illegal American gun dealers during the Mexican Civil War, Tampico Affair

real politik

practical politics looking for a real, physical change; Otto von Bismarck of Germany

New Imperialism

countries want “their place in the sun”

new technology

TNT, rifles, machine guns, tanks, gas; propaganda being enacted on all sids

Austria and the outbreak of war

Austria wants it’s place in the sun; begins by annexing Bosnia-Herzegovina leading to Serbia being drastically affected; Black-hand decides to take action to show frustration with the Austrian government; Archduke Francis Ferdinand and Sophie visit Bosnia-Herzegovina where the Archduke is assassinated

triple alliance

central powers; Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire

triple entente

allies; France, Great Britain, Russia, Italy, Japan, United States

Battle of River Somme

World War I battle taking over 4 months; 1.25 million casualties over 6 miles of territory

Battle of Verdun

World War I battle lasting from February to December 1916; used 40-60 million artillery shells, 950,000 casualties; results in the front line being moved 5 miles

positive reinforcement of troops

parades and support from home

negative reinforcement of troops

fear, officers begin threatening to shoot their own troops

Wilson’s view of the war

decides to maintain neutrality and use the war for good (a war to end all wars); later joins the triple entente despite high German population in the US

Lusitania

factor of US entry into World War I; submarine warfare on May 7, 1915 leaving 12,000 dead

Zimmerman Telegram

January 11, 1917; German foreign secretary sends a telegram to German ambassador in Mexico that is intercepted; Germany promises to return land taken from Mexico in the Mexican-American war if they join the fight against the US

independent force

The US does not enter World War I as an ally but as ___ with drafts beginning in May of 1917 (12% do not report)

1917

what year is the most crucial in World War I?

Russian Revolution

February and October of 1917; struggling over their government; sign the Treaty of Brest Litovsk on March 3, 1917 to withdraw from the war

American entry into the war

declaration of war is issued on April 6, 1917; Americans arrive in Europe in 1918, not very well trained or equipped but the numbers made the difference

rationing on the homefront

“wheat will win the war”, US farmers are encouraged to plant more wheat

financing on the homefront

taxes are raised and scouts sell war bonds

war production

war workers (women and African Americans from the south that filled the place of men) and the Great Migration

Great Migration

moving of African Americans from the south to north and west for factory jobs; they go to LA, San Diego, Detroit

suppression of speech

anti-British and pro-German speech is illegal (especially speaking and writing German); applies to teachers and schools, newspapers, and films

Armenian Genocide

1915; Muslim Ottomans revenge against Christian Armenians, killed around 1 million Armenians in death marches, concentration camps, and massacres

victory of triple entente

Ottomans and Austria-Hungary surrender to Allies in the fall of 1918; German Kaiser abdicates the throne leading to the Weimar Republic, surrender on November 18th

November 11, 1918 (11 AM)

armistice of World War I; no army invaded Germany, but Germany surrenders

Paris Peace Conference

begins in January of 1919 with the Council of 4; decided the fate of Germany and the Ottoman Empire; Clemenceau takes charge when Wilson has a stroke; decides to blame Germany

Council of 4

Britain: David Lloyd George; Italy: Vittorio Orlando; France: Georges Clemenceau; United States: Woodrow Wilson; each leader had a different vision (Wilson felt he had a certain clarity of thought)

Treaty of Versailles

June 28, 1919; conclusion and reparations of World War I; Guilt clause (Germany takes responsibility of the war even though they weren’t allowed at the conference

war making system

the wealthy benefitted from the war because they were patent holders, industries grew by 20%; War Industries Board (WIB) got the country behind the war effort by encouraging rationing, war bonds, building of weaponry, transportation of supplies

repression of freedom post WWI

interred German nationals, concentration camps, registration card requirement for German Americans, German Americans imprisoned

African Americans post WWI

huge support of the war effort, saw it as an opportunity to prove worth; resulted in resentment, the call for freedom did not mean for them

19th Amendment

women’s suffrage, signed by Woodrow Wilson and ratified by the states in 1920 as a thank you for their readiness to help the war effort; not all women wanted the vote because it was not feminine or was not their place

Red Summer of 1919

American veterans return home and a competition for job opportunities along with a racially changed social landscape increased tensions between blacks and whites; white people feared that black people would be unwilling to submit to a second class citizen position after being abroad and receiving military training; most cases of violence was enacted by ordinary white civilians and veterans; some black people fought back with bats, clubs, guns, and knives; Wilson ordered troops to break it up; lynchings increased; hundreds were killed, thousands were injured, tens of thousands were left homeless