Philosophy
The love of wisdom.
Primary objective of philosophy
For people to think for themselves and develop their own positions.
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Philosophy
The love of wisdom.
Primary objective of philosophy
For people to think for themselves and develop their own positions.
Logic
Distinguishes real science from fake.
Metaphysics
Questions reality.
Epistemology
Study of knowledge.
Ethics
Study of right and wrong.
Aesthetics
Questions nature of beauty and art.
Law of Non-Contradiction
Something cannot both be and not be at the same time.
Law of Excluded Middle
Something is either true or false; no middle ground.
Law of Identity
Something is what it is.
Deductive reasoning
Conclusion follows premises necessarily.
Inductive reasoning
Based on observation; probable but not certain.
Abductive reasoning
Offers best explanation; most certain given facts.
Validity in deductive reasoning
Correct form.
Truth in deductive reasoning
True premises.
Soundness in deductive reasoning
Valid + true.
Reliability in inductive reasoning
Strength of evidence.
Fallacy
A flaw or fault in reasoning; tries to persuade without legitimate support.
Ad Hominem
Attack the person, not the argument.
Straw Man
Misrepresent or exaggerate argument.
Appeal to Ignorance
Claim true because not proven false.
False Dilemma
Present only two options as possible.
Pseudoscience
Fake or false science.
NOMA principle
Science and religion cover different realms.
Anthropic Principle
Universe supports human life.
Gaia Hypothesis
Earth is a self-regulating system.
Idealism
Reality is ideas/mind.
Realism
Reality is many things, multiple experiences.
Materialism
Everything physical.
Monism
Reality is one thing (mental or material).
Dualism
Reality is mind + matter.
Descartes' view on self
Self is mental, controls body like driver.
Hume's Bundle Theory
Self is collection of experiences.
Ricoeur's Narrative Theory
Self shaped by others.
Sartre's Project Theory
Self is an event over time.
Locke's view on personal identity
Consciousness and rational thought define identity.
Parfit's view on personal identity
Requires conscious mental state and verbal communication.
Materialists' solution to mind-brain problem
Everything physical.
Identity Theorists' solution to mind-brain problem
Mental states = brain states.
Eliminativists' solution to mind-brain problem
Understanding changes mental concepts.
Functionalists' solution to mind-brain problem
Mental states realized in many ways.
Dualists' solution to mind-brain problem
Mind exists independently but interacts with body.
Subjectivists' solution to mind-brain problem
Mind not reducible to physical processes.
Monists' solution to mind-brain problem
Reality is one kind of thing.
Strong AI's view on human beings
Computers processing, storing, and manipulating information.
Theism
Universe created by perfect being.
Deism
Supreme being created world, no interaction.
Polytheism
Many gods govern universe.
Monotheism
One all-powerful creator.
Pantheism
Supreme being is everywhere.
Panentheism
Universe covered by God.
Ontological
Concept of perfect being implies existence.
Cosmological
Everything has a cause; first cause is God.
Design
Universe shows evidence of design.
Hard determinism
No, all events caused.
Free will
Yes, people originate actions.
Soft determinism
Freedom and determinism compatible.
Nihilist
No purpose.
Non-theist
Meaning is practiced.
Theist
Meaning from supreme being.
Confucius
Wisdom from recognizing ignorance.
Plato
Knowledge not innate, not from senses.
Aristotle
Knowledge from observation and reasoning.
Descartes
Thinking proves existence.
Locke
Mind is blank slate.
Kant
Mind shapes understanding.
Truth
Statement must be true.
Belief
Person must believe it.
Justification
Supported by reasons.
Non-false justification
Justification can't rely on falsehoods.
Direct knowledge
Acquired through experience.
Indirect knowledge
Through reasoning.
Competence knowledge
Skill-based, hard to explain.
Propositional knowledge
Factual knowledge in words.
Skepticism
Doubt or disapproval until proof is given.
Rationalism
Reason is best source of knowledge.
Empiricism
Knowledge comes from senses.
Anti-foundationalism
Knowledge need not rest on single base.
Pragmatism
Truth judged by practical use.
Correspondence theory
Belief matches physical fact.
Coherence theory
Belief fits with other beliefs.
Pragmatic theory
Truth judged by practical effects.
Mimesis
Art reflects reality.
Formalism
Art's structure and organization.
Expressionism
Art evokes emotions.
Existentialism
Art reflects freedom.
Phenomenology
Focus on experience and forms.
Beauty
Reflects eternal perfect forms.
Hume
Beauty is subjective.
Hegel
Nature cannot be aesthetically beautiful.
Post-modernist
Society shapes beauty.
Contemporary
Beauty and taste have new meanings.
Metaethical question
Explores morality's nature; e.g., Are moral values objective or subjective?
Buddhists
Achieve Nirvana.
Confucianists/Taoists
Follow five virtues.
Hedonists
Pleasure leads to happiness.
Stoics
Live happily through wisdom.
Virtue Ethicists
Someone who is virtuous.
Aristotle's Golden Mean
Virtue achieved through balance and wisdom.
Divine Command
God defines right/wrong.