Fundamentals of Philosophy and Ethical Theories

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Philosophy

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The love of wisdom.

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Primary objective of philosophy

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For people to think for themselves and develop their own positions.

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105 Terms

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Philosophy

The love of wisdom.

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Primary objective of philosophy

For people to think for themselves and develop their own positions.

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Logic

Distinguishes real science from fake.

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Metaphysics

Questions reality.

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Epistemology

Study of knowledge.

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Ethics

Study of right and wrong.

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Aesthetics

Questions nature of beauty and art.

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Law of Non-Contradiction

Something cannot both be and not be at the same time.

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Law of Excluded Middle

Something is either true or false; no middle ground.

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Law of Identity

Something is what it is.

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Deductive reasoning

Conclusion follows premises necessarily.

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Inductive reasoning

Based on observation; probable but not certain.

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Abductive reasoning

Offers best explanation; most certain given facts.

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Validity in deductive reasoning

Correct form.

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Truth in deductive reasoning

True premises.

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Soundness in deductive reasoning

Valid + true.

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Reliability in inductive reasoning

Strength of evidence.

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Fallacy

A flaw or fault in reasoning; tries to persuade without legitimate support.

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Ad Hominem

Attack the person, not the argument.

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Straw Man

Misrepresent or exaggerate argument.

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Appeal to Ignorance

Claim true because not proven false.

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False Dilemma

Present only two options as possible.

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Pseudoscience

Fake or false science.

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NOMA principle

Science and religion cover different realms.

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Anthropic Principle

Universe supports human life.

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Gaia Hypothesis

Earth is a self-regulating system.

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Idealism

Reality is ideas/mind.

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Realism

Reality is many things, multiple experiences.

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Materialism

Everything physical.

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Monism

Reality is one thing (mental or material).

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Dualism

Reality is mind + matter.

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Descartes' view on self

Self is mental, controls body like driver.

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Hume's Bundle Theory

Self is collection of experiences.

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Ricoeur's Narrative Theory

Self shaped by others.

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Sartre's Project Theory

Self is an event over time.

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Locke's view on personal identity

Consciousness and rational thought define identity.

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Parfit's view on personal identity

Requires conscious mental state and verbal communication.

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Materialists' solution to mind-brain problem

Everything physical.

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Identity Theorists' solution to mind-brain problem

Mental states = brain states.

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Eliminativists' solution to mind-brain problem

Understanding changes mental concepts.

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Functionalists' solution to mind-brain problem

Mental states realized in many ways.

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Dualists' solution to mind-brain problem

Mind exists independently but interacts with body.

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Subjectivists' solution to mind-brain problem

Mind not reducible to physical processes.

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Monists' solution to mind-brain problem

Reality is one kind of thing.

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Strong AI's view on human beings

Computers processing, storing, and manipulating information.

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Theism

Universe created by perfect being.

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Deism

Supreme being created world, no interaction.

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Polytheism

Many gods govern universe.

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Monotheism

One all-powerful creator.

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Pantheism

Supreme being is everywhere.

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Panentheism

Universe covered by God.

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Ontological

Concept of perfect being implies existence.

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Cosmological

Everything has a cause; first cause is God.

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Design

Universe shows evidence of design.

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Hard determinism

No, all events caused.

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Free will

Yes, people originate actions.

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Soft determinism

Freedom and determinism compatible.

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Nihilist

No purpose.

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Non-theist

Meaning is practiced.

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Theist

Meaning from supreme being.

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Confucius

Wisdom from recognizing ignorance.

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Plato

Knowledge not innate, not from senses.

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Aristotle

Knowledge from observation and reasoning.

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Descartes

Thinking proves existence.

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Locke

Mind is blank slate.

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Kant

Mind shapes understanding.

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Truth

Statement must be true.

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Belief

Person must believe it.

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Justification

Supported by reasons.

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Non-false justification

Justification can't rely on falsehoods.

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Direct knowledge

Acquired through experience.

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Indirect knowledge

Through reasoning.

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Competence knowledge

Skill-based, hard to explain.

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Propositional knowledge

Factual knowledge in words.

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Skepticism

Doubt or disapproval until proof is given.

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Rationalism

Reason is best source of knowledge.

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Empiricism

Knowledge comes from senses.

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Anti-foundationalism

Knowledge need not rest on single base.

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Pragmatism

Truth judged by practical use.

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Correspondence theory

Belief matches physical fact.

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Coherence theory

Belief fits with other beliefs.

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Pragmatic theory

Truth judged by practical effects.

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Mimesis

Art reflects reality.

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Formalism

Art's structure and organization.

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Expressionism

Art evokes emotions.

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Existentialism

Art reflects freedom.

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Phenomenology

Focus on experience and forms.

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Beauty

Reflects eternal perfect forms.

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Hume

Beauty is subjective.

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Hegel

Nature cannot be aesthetically beautiful.

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Post-modernist

Society shapes beauty.

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Contemporary

Beauty and taste have new meanings.

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Metaethical question

Explores morality's nature; e.g., Are moral values objective or subjective?

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Buddhists

Achieve Nirvana.

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Confucianists/Taoists

Follow five virtues.

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Hedonists

Pleasure leads to happiness.

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Stoics

Live happily through wisdom.

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Virtue Ethicists

Someone who is virtuous.

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Aristotle's Golden Mean

Virtue achieved through balance and wisdom.

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Divine Command

God defines right/wrong.