Economics under Tsars Alexander II and Alexander III
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25 Terms
Who was Mikhail von Reutern
Minister of finance from 1862-1878
Reforms under von Reutern
-The Treasury was reformed and new methods for collecting taxes were put in place
-Tax farming was abolished
-Tax system was reformed to include more indirect taxation
What industry remained dominant under control Reutern
Textiles
New developments in industries under von Reutern
-Oil extraction
-ironworks
What did Russia’s economy do under von Reutern
Remained comparatively weak
What were the limitations of the Emancipation edict
It kept the peasants poor and the domestic market small
Ivan Vyshnegradsky
Head of Ministry of Finance from 1887-1892
What was raised under Vyshnegradsky
Tariffs in the 1880’s
What did Vyshnegradsky do to indirect taxes
Increase them
When did grain exports increase by 18% under Vyshnegradsky
Between 1881 and 1891
What is a famous quote by Vyshnegradsky
‘We shall not eat, but we shall export’
When was the widespread famine under Vyshnegradsky
1891-1892
When was Vyshnegradsky dismissed
1892
Sergei Witte
Minister of Finance from 1892-1903
What was Sergei Witte committed to
Economic modernisation as a means of curbing revolutionary behaviour
What did Witte’s idea to seek loans from abroad do
Increase foreign investment considerably
What did most of the foreign funds go towards
-mining
-metal trades
-oil
-banking
What was there a huge expansion in under Witte
The railway network
What improved under Witte
Foreign exports and trade
Why was Emancipation useless
It failed to bring any fundamental change to agricultural practice
How much land did the average peasant own
Less that 4 hectares
Why did traditional farming techniques remain
They were perpetuated by the Mir elders
What did the government establish in 1882 and 1885
The Noble’s Land Bank and the Peasant’s Land Bank
Why were the Land Banks bad
They often increased debt
What did the 1891 - 1892 famine show
The average peasant had too little land to become prosperous