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Pseudomembrane on tonsils

An infection likely caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

M-protein

A protein that allows Streptococcus pyogenes to avoid phagocytosis.

Latent syphilis

A stage of syphilis that is asymptomatic but still transmissible.

Herpes Simplex Virus II

Causes recurrent infections due to viral latency in ganglia.

Variola virus transmission

Primarily transmitted through airborne or droplet inhalation.

Influenza transmission methods

Best described as airborne and droplet transmission.

Chancre in primary syphilis

Characterized by a painless ulcer.

Congenital effect of untreated syphilis

Most likely leads to stillbirth or later vision and hearing loss.

Bubonic plague

Describes a progression where Y. pestis infects macrophages and spreads to lymph nodes.

Swine Flu subtype

Commonly known as H1N1.

Hyaluronidase

An enzyme secreted by Group A Streptococcus that aids in invasion of deeper tissues.

Primary syphilis findings

Consistent with a painless ulcer and painless swelling of lymph nodes.

Causative agent of syphilis

Treponema pallidum.

Mosquito bite leading to jaundice

Likely indicates Yellow Fever.

Pertussis toxin

Disables immune cell function.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell wall

Contains mycolic acid, contributing to resistance to digestive enzymes in macrophages.

Primary antigen for Hepatitis B virus

Surface antigen.

Curable viral infection

Hepatitis C is curable with current antiviral treatments.

Diagnosis of Streptococcus pyogenes

Can be confirmed with specific diagnostic tests.

Lancefield A test

A test used to identify Group A Streptococcus.

TB skin test

A test to determine if a person has developed an immune response to the bacterium that causes tuberculosis.

BCG vaccine test

A vaccine for tuberculosis that is often used in countries with high rates of the disease.

Acid-fast stain

A laboratory staining procedure used to identify acid-fast bacilli, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

A type of pneumonia that occurs in immunocompromised individuals, particularly those with HIV/AIDS.

FTA-ABS

A test that confirms a syphilis diagnosis after a positive RPR.

Gummatous lesions

A common symptom of tertiary syphilis characterized by soft tissue tumors.

Buboes

Swollen lymph nodes in the axillary or groin regions indicative of certain infections, such as plague.

MMR vaccine

A vaccine that provides immunity against measles, mumps, and rubella.

Oseltamivir

A drug commonly used to treat influenza symptoms.

Chronic infection risk

An infant has a 90% risk of chronic infection if infected with HBV.

Hepatitis B virus genome

The primary structure is double-stranded DNA.

Borrelia burgdorferi transmission

Black legged ticks transmit it effectively because they remain attached long enough to transfer the bacteria.

Rubella

An infection that is concerning for a fetus if a pregnant woman develops flu-like symptoms with a rash.

Silent killer virus

HCV is known as the 'silent killer' due to its asymptomatic progression.

Infected rats reservoir

Plague is most commonly associated with infected rats as the initial reservoir.

Opportunistic infection from Bordetella pertussis

It can lead to pneumonia.

Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmission

The main mode of transmission is unprotected sexual contact.

Strawberry cervix

A symptom specifically associated with Trichomoniasis in females.

Rickettsia prowazekii infection symptom

A spotted rash from limbs to chest is specifically associated with this infection.

BCG vaccine purpose

To prevent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Treponema pallidum

It is a spiral-shaped spirochete.

Arthropod-borne virus

Ebola is NOT typically associated with mosquitoes as a vector.

Salmonella Typhi treatment

The most appropriate treatment for a patient with symptoms of fever, fatigue, and gastrointestinal issues.

Oral ciprofloxacin with hydration and monitoring

A treatment approach for certain infections.

Oral metronidazole and IV fluids

A combination treatment for specific infections.

Supportive care only; antibiotics are not indicated

A treatment approach where antibiotics are deemed unnecessary.

Antimalarial therapy with chloroquine

A treatment for malaria using the drug chloroquine.

Home-care instruction for complications while awaiting antibiotics

Take acetaminophen and maintain hydration.

Bacteria NOT typically involved in hospital-acquired pneumonia

Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Preferred treatment for Trichomonas vaginalis

Metronidazole.

Initial treatment plan for Salmonella enterica

Oral rehydration and electrolyte replacement.

Historical finding supporting diagnosis of infant botulism

Consumption of honey at 2 months of age.

Factor increasing likelihood of tuberculosis disease reactivation

Use of immunosuppressive drugs.

Tertiary stage of syphilis

Gummatous lesions and neurosyphilis.

Symptoms NOT associated with Lyme disease

Blackened skin from tissue necrosis.

Exposure history supporting tetanus diagnosis

A recent puncture wound from a rusty nail.

Vaccine preventing infection in chronic lung disease patient

PCV13 (Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine).

Diagnostic test used to confirm syphilis

Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody Absorbed (FTA-ABS).

Tissue damage seen in amoebiasis

Protozoan invasion and lysis of intestinal epithelial cells.

Diagnosis for traveler returning from Nigeria with symptoms

Entamoeba histolytica infection.

Shigellosis

An infectious disease caused by Shigella bacteria, leading to diarrhea.

Salmonellosis

An infection caused by Salmonella bacteria, often resulting in gastrointestinal symptoms.

Amoebiasis

An intestinal infection caused by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica.

Giardiasis

An intestinal infection caused by the Giardia lamblia parasite, leading to diarrhea.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

An acid-fast, slow-growing bacillus responsible for tuberculosis.

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

A disease characterized by symptoms such as a spotted rash on extremities.

Escherichia coli

A bacterium that can cause gastrointestinal illness, including diarrhea.

Entamoeba histolytica

The pathogen most likely causing liver abscesses in a patient returning from Nigeria.

Streptococcus pyogenes

A bacterium that can be identified in suspected strep throat using a blood agar culture.

Syphilis transmission routes

Not associated with airborne droplets.

Plasmodium replication site

The initial site of replication after transmission is the liver.

Infant botulism mechanism

Caused by ingestion of spores that germinate and release neurotoxin in the gut.

Salmonella Typhi complications

If untreated, the most likely serious complication is intestinal perforation and sepsis.

Varicella-Zoster virus

The pathogen that can re-emerge as shingles in adults.

Primary HSV-2 infection symptoms

Rash on palms and soles is NOT a symptom.

Dengue fever vector

The main vector is the mosquito.

Norovirus return to work advice

Stay home until 24 hours after symptoms resolve.

Corynebacterium diphtheriae symptoms

A toxigenic strain can cause sore throat and paralyzed tonsils.

Chlamydia trachomatis infection site

A common site of infection is the genital tract.

Rickettsia rickettsii initial infection site

The primary initial infection site in humans is endothelial cells.

Non-bloody diarrhea management

Next best step in management after symptoms is to assess for dehydration and provide supportive care.

Colonoscopy

A medical procedure used to examine the interior of the colon.

Antibiotics

Medications used to treat bacterial infections.

Corticosteroids

A class of steroid hormones used to reduce inflammation.

IV fluids

Intravenous fluids administered to maintain hydration and electrolyte balance.

Antiemetics

Medications used to prevent or treat nausea and vomiting.

Rubella vaccine type

Attenuated live vaccine is primarily used to prevent rubella.

Chlamydia trachomatis transmission

The elementary body is responsible for infecting cells during initial contact.

Plasmodium infection jaundice

Indicates the blood stage of the infection.

Tetanus diagnosis

Jaw stiffness and painful muscle spasms after stepping on a rusty nail suggest tetanus.

Amoebiasis differentiation

History of travel to developing country and protozoan cause helps differentiate amoebiasis from bacterial diarrheal diseases.

Chronic hepatitis B risk factor

Lack of hepatitis B vaccination contributes to increased risk of chronic hepatitis.

Disease transmission via insect feces

Lice's feces must be scratched into the skin to cause transmission.

Pork-related disease incubation

The infection is acquired by eating undercooked pork muscle containing larvae.

Causative agent of plague

Yersinia pestis; Gram-negative bacillus.

Tetanus muscle spasms reason

The bacterium produces a neurotoxin that blocks inhibitory neurotransmitters.

Congenital Rubella Syndrome defects

Can cause blindness, heart problems, and hearing loss.

Asymptomatic pathogen in newborns

Neisseria gonorrhoeae can lead to conjunctivitis and blindness in newborns.

Rocky Mountain spotted fever symptoms

Fever, muscle aches, and a red-spotted rash starting from the extremities.

Active tuberculosis bacteria location

Primarily located in alveolar macrophages.