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Kinetic Molecular Theory
It explains how atoms and molecules behave in different states of matter and how they interact with energy (such as temperature) and other variables like pressure and volume.
Solids
Lowest Energy
Gases
Highest Energy
Phase Change
Happens when there is a change in energy.
Matter
Is made of particles in constant motion.
Intermolecular Forces
Exist between particles and become stronger as particles get closer.
Intermolecular Forces of Attraction
These are temporary attractive forces between molecules, different from ionic and covalent bonds. They do not involve electron sharing, and they are generally weaker and short-lived.
Ion-Dipole Interaction
Between a charged ion and a polar molecule.
Dipole-Dipole Interaction
Between two dipoles (molecules with a positive and a negative end).
Results in a polar molecule.
Hydrogen Bonding
A special dipole-dipole interaction.
Between hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
London Dispersion Forces
Weakest type of IMFA
Non-polar
Occur in all molecules, even nonpolar ones.
Ionic Bond
Transfer of electrons.
Covalent Bond
Sharing of electrons.
Non-Polar
Shared equally
Polar
Shared unequally