SHH 270: Exam 2

Speech Disorders

clinically significant problems in one or more are when compared to peers

Substitutions

substitute one phoneme for another one

Omissions

omit a phoneme

Distortions

distort a phoneme

Additions

add a phoneme that does not belong there

Speech Sound Disorder (SSD)

apraxia of speech, articulation disorder, phonological disorder

Apraxia of Speech (AoS)

associated with a neurological cause, motor plan and programming in the brain is disrupted

Articulation

children should have all phonemes (speech sounds) in their language by 7 yrs old

Developmental Articulation Disorder

a structural disorder with motor movements; clinically significant difficulties in the production of speech sounds, many have trouble with “r” & “s”

Phonological Errors

called phonological patterns or processes; occur bc a child had not mastered the full phonology of their language

Phonological patterns/processes

present in typical development, atypical use of these patterns are a sign of a phonological disorder

Examples of phonological patterns

phoneme substitution, phoneme omission, phoneme distortion, phoneme addition

Examples of phonological processes

stopping, final consonant deletion, voicing errors on consonants, assimilation

Phonological Disorder

the use of phonological patterns in a way that is not typical, functional disorder (no specific medical cause, associated w lang. develop.)

Voice Disorder

occurs when voice quality, pitch, and loudness differ or are
inappropriate for an individual’s age, gender, cultural background(

Risk for voice problems

stress, anxiety, high energy

Current caseload of voice disorders

professional voice users, singers, teachers, lawyers, SLPs; 35% of population are professional voice users

Healthy Voice

sustainable, durable and resilient; should not change throughout the day

Dysphonia

voice thats unhealthy or unsustainable, deviant, not ideal

Dysphonia

not always indicate a voice disorder; raspy voice, mild, moderate, severe, profound

Vocal Fry

requires an extreme vocal posture and reduces breath flow, common at ends of phrases when energy is decreased

Stigma of Dysphonia

ppl are okay w their voice, but seek intervention due to how others react/feel about it

Stigma of Vocal Fry

lack of energy, which is perceived as lack of interest

Symptoms of Voice Disorders

dysphonia/voice quality, fatigue, aphonia, redeuced range

Aphonia

the complete loss of voice, meaning the inability to produce any vocal sound. 

Normal Disfluencies

multisyllabic repetition, phrase repetition, interjection/filler, revisions or abandoned utterances

Stuttering-like Disfluencies

part-word repetitions, single-syllable repetitions, disrhythmic phonations

Stuttering is not

attributed to a single cause, a disorder that most therapists feel comfortable working with

Goal of stuttering treatment

focus on speech competence; rate of speech, easy onset, etc.

Stuttering

disruption in the fluency of verbal expression characterized by involuntary, audible or silent, repetitions or prolongations of sounds or syllables

Fluency

continuity, smoothness, rate, and effort in speech production.

Central Nervous System (CNS)

brain structures; cerebrum, thalamus, brainstem, limbic system, spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Spinal nerves, cranial nerves; split into somatic and autonomic system

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

These send nerve signals from brain to body (motor instructions), and from body back to brain (sensory information)

Somatic System

cranial and spinal nerves send signals to muscles and from the body to brain for things we have some control voluntary control over such as the contraction of skeletal muscles to move our legs

Autonomic System

cranial and spinal nerves that send signals to internal organs for things we don’t have control over such as digestion

Limbic System

plays important roles in our instinct of fight or flight, known for memory as well

Brainstem

critical for blood pressure and breathing

Cerebellum

primary role is to coordinate movements of the body

Frontal Lobe

important for speech planning and production, important for language production, contains the motor strip, Broca’s area

Occipital Lobe

processes visual information from the eyes

Parietal Lobe

receives and processes nerve signals ab pain and touch, has primary sensory cortex,

Temporal Lobe

has Wernicke’s area, processes auditory signals from the ears

Left Cerebrum Hemisphere

the details; reading, writing, spoken language, auditory comprehension, reasoning

Right Cerebrum Hemisphere

the whole; prosody, facial expression, body language, attention, visuospatial skills

Prefrontal Area

important for higher level cognition (executive funcstions), ex; planning, reasoning, organizing

Broca’s Area

left hemisphere, important for language production

Wernicke’s Area

left hemisphere, important for understanding language

Brain stem

keeps us alive, controls autonomic functions such as; heart beat, conscious, reflexes, swallowing, sneezing, eye movement

Chewing and Swallowing Cranial Nerves

CN V, VII, IX, X, XI, XII

Hearing and Balance Cranial Nerves

CN VII

Stroke

cerebral vascular accident, brains blood supply is disrupted

Ischemic Stroke

result of blood clot, most common type of stroke

Thrombosis

blood clot forms in place (stationary)

Embolism

blood clot travels to the brain

Hemorrhagic Stroke

result of blood vessel bursting

Aphasia

accquired language disorder that results from neurological damage, usually associate with a stroke

Aphasia affects

comprehension of language, production of language, mathematical abilities

Global Aphasia

nonfluent, poor auditory comprehension and repetition

Broca’s Aphasia

nonfluent, good auditory comprehension and poor repetition

Werincke’s Aphasia

fluent, poor auditory comprehension and poor repetition

Anomic Aphasia

fluent, good auditory comprehension and repetition